Collective Bargaining and Pay Inequity in the Public Sector Essay

Collective Bargaining and honorarium Inequity in the Public Sector - Essay ExampleIn the United States at the result majority of the states have passed legislations that permit workers to organise themselves and bargain collectively. This is because collective bargaining is a very big way finished which employees can push for their rights considering the historical discrimination that has been witnessed in Americas open sector. The laws vary from state to state, for instance, only 12 states of all who have legalized collective recognise strikes are cosmos legal. Those states not allowing strikes have outlined various processes for resolving issues in the workforce such(prenominal) as mediation and fact-finding. A good number of states use interest arbitration where neutral arbitrators listen to grievances raised, evaluate facts, and descend statutory criteria to come up with decisions as to the terms of collective bargaining agreements.Nonetheless, collective bargaining throu gh unionisation has become a very popular practice in America and the world over. Unions contain members in many different ways which include and not limited to lobbying for favourable labor laws such as protection of employees from arbitrary discharge, educating and training members on their rights and most importantly negotiating compensation directly with employers on behalf of the membership. Collective bargaining agreements also address issues of discrimination in the work place based on gender, race and even class hence attempt to force employers apply the same standards to every individual. AFSCME for instance, which is for the most part concerned with women has for the past few decades managed to lobby against pay inequity that is based on gender.One forbid concern about trade unionism and collective bargaining agreements has been that they tend to indirectly further the disparity gap. In particularly comes about when covered employees are

Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

computer address - Essay ExampleDespite the infinite challenges, namely, being a non- English speaker, he fought fiercely and urbane his dreams. In essence, Pulitzer is a central figure who tremendously helped in refashioning both the American media and politics. Even though, at that place are other people who assisted him in bringing reforms, his contribution is much felt tied(p) at the present moment. The manner in which journalism is consumed today, the very concept of its purchasing, the writing technique used, and the style applied among others are some of the contributions that Pulitzer provided in changing American Media and politics. In a way, he seems defective for the role he played, because, at first he was a non English immigrant, and that was the reason he conjugate St. Louis to learn German, and later interested in Immigrant politics. This was during the 19th century when Journalism and Politics were two diverse things in America. During this time, journalism an d politics were two aspects that never converged. For this reason, Pulitzer acted as a reformer. He purposed to transform and remould journalism and politics since he believed this were two concepts that really mattered in reshaping the entire American human race. He intended to give journalism a new style of writing, since he believed that this would assist in bit bilkion that had crept into the regime and the society. He published information that he deemed was important and that could disclose any corrupt deals in the government. He regarded journalism as a way that could bring reforms into the American society. In addition, we to a fault learn that, American politics was reshaped through journalism. Every dark recess in the political government was disclosed for the purpose of accountability and transparency. This was very swift and many people were fascinated and interested to involve newspapers

Product definition Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Product definition - Coursework ExampleIt is ane of the approximately famous fashion line in the contemporary society has attraction clients from a global spot (Jacobs, 2013). The following are the major reasons why clients purchase this output taking into consideration the five levels of product definitionThis is usu every(prenominal)y the basic product and clients bleed to focus on the purpose, which the product was intended. In the lineament of Louis Vuitton Womens take advantage Coats, clients focus on acquisition of the trench coats in order to provide high temperature during rainfally and cold seasons.In this level, the major focus of the clients to a product is based on all the qualities it possesses. In relation to Louis Vuitton womens Trench Coats, they are preferred due to Their ability to repel rain high quality of fabrics used to make the coats their contrary sizes, thus able to fit people of different body sizes and the high quality of buttons fitted.In this le vel, clients tend to have various aspects of expectation regarding a product. Specifically, many an(prenominal) clients purchasing Louis Vuitton Trench Coats are majorly attracted by the high quality of design of the coats, which enables the coats to provide warmth in a comfortable manner even when undertaking some physical activities such as locomote bicycles.In this level, clients tend to focus on the additional qualities of a targeted product. In the slip of Louis Vuitton Womens Trench Coats, it has been preferred by a large number of clients from various parts of the world owing to the situation that it is a fashionable design and trendy. Louis Vuitton also offers clients a variety of trendy colors and designs that making it one of the most famous clothing lines in the global fashion arena.In this level of product definition, clients tend to focus on the future changes and additional features that may be made on their targeted products. In the case of Louis Vuitton womens tr ench coat, there have been new designs, with additional

Comparative criminal justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparative criminal justice - Assignment Exampleddition, the students have to study the legal cognition foundations, which form the Academic Stage of the Legal Education and compulsory for the purposes of professional exemptions, especially where the students seek to act to the Vocational Stage of the Legal Education and Training.This is the final stage of qualification at the Bar. At this stage, nether the supervision of an experienced barrister, the schoolchild obtains practical training. Pupilage stage is divided into two divisions the practicing six months, also referred to as the offset six and the non-practicing six months, also referred to as the second six.The structure includes two parts which be the practicing six months, also referred to as the first six and the non-practicing six months, also referred to as the second six. A person intending to practice as a barrister must train as a pupil for a defined period of not less than twelve months.In order to obtain the pup ilage stage, a pupil must attend a course in an Advocacy Training and a course in Practice Management. These requirements must be met because a completion certificate is only awarded upon their completion. The students are also requisite to pursue a course in Forensic Accountancy during this stage or within the first three years of their practice.The purpose of this training is to provide in-depth information on multiple matters that are regarded requisite to the beginners in practice. This will help the beginners to bridge well between practice and pupilage. Therefore the topics to be cover

A new 300 m2 house that must be completed for Mr and Mrs Jones by Assignment

A clean 300 m2 house that must be completed for Mr and Mrs Jones by December 25th 2012 - Assignment ExampleThe owners of the house will be contacted on regular basis to confirm the adjustments and modifications done.The Supplementary Planning Document has been developed in accordance with local, regional and national provision policy, and the adoption of this guidance means that sustainable design and aspect are substantive considerations to be given weight in considering development of this parturiency, and can be the subject of course of studyning conditions and/or obligations in respect of appropriate development. Applicants for planning permission will be expected to have considered this planning guidance and in so doing to have focused on the five sustainable design and construction aims defined here toMr. and Mrs. Jones have relocated from New York to Alabama following their retirement. They decided to build their new dream house in a lot of land that they had purchased e arlier. This brought about to them selecting a team administrate the construction works. I was contracted to write a project plan for the new ho utilise project that will act as a guideline to the whole project since in this project plan I have indicated all the purposes to be undertaken to ensure that the project is successful and it is delivered according to the stipulated time.The house to be constructed is of 300m2 which will be used as their new home, the project plans is to be started as soon as possible so as to meet the 25th December, 2012 deadline and which is the time the project is expected to come to a completion. The construction and the implementation of this project should be done in accordance to the ideas, specification and requirements of the owners which in this causal agent is Mr. and Mrs. Jones. They are to approve every step and phase undertaken in the construction process and by using this project plan as the guideline to ensure strict budgetary arrangement s and proper construction procedure is followed.The construction

Legislative and Executive Powers Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Legislative and Executive Powers - Coursework Exampleess the emotionally-fueled anger of the people because of the impending threats by extremists groups allowed Congress to pass a bill that was not well-planned in a relatively short time. The patriot Act was passed only 45 days after the 9/11 attacks to provide a ascendant to the breach in national security. Many regard this truth as a legal federal agency for the government to spy on virtually any person. The wide reach of the law allows surveillance of private individuals that extends to their phone conversations, internet communications and even bank transactions. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is granted the proponent to National Security Letters known as NSLs without judicial intervention which allows them access to the mentioned personal information. Those issued with NSLs declare gag orders prohibiting them to disclose (American Civil Liberties Union ACLU, 2011). Several courts have declared this provision t o be unlawful. A San Francisco federal district court judge struck down as unconstitutional the provisions of the law in this regard last year on an action brought by the Electronic Frontier rear end (Sledge, 2013).Sledge, C. (2013, Mar. 15). National security letter gag orders struck down as unconstitutional (Update). The Huffington Post. Retrieved from

MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

solicitude AND LEADERSHIP - Research Paper ExampleImmelt had big shoes to fill but he has carve a niche for himself through his leadership skills and today is one most influential business leaders in the world.Immelt before becoming the chief executive officer of GE had held numerous leadership positions in the troupe. He had served as Vice President and General Manager for different business division of the social club. This paper is aimed at spirit and analyzing the leadership, management and motivational skills of Immelt and how he has used it to take GE to new heights. In the process, the different businesses of the caller will be described along with the three major challenges Immelt has overcome in running the company since he has became the CEO. His various leadership skills and strategies can be understood while analysing the challenges. Also the impact that Immelt has had on the world through his vision, business and through other areas will be discussed.When Immelt to ok over as the CEO he wanted to bring about a cultural revolution in the company. In a company that was process-oriented and hard-driving, he wanted to infuse creativity, bold thinking and hunger for growth into its culture. Also it is to be noted that Immelt took over just a few days before the 9/11 attack, which subject matter that the economic situation in which Immelt started his stint was not an ideal one. It was a great challenge to Immelt to deem and continue the growth of the company in an era of slow-growth domestic economy, greater global competition and lesser tolerance among investors. In order to achieve his vision of reinventing GE Immelt overcame the following challengesIn order to motley the organizational culture that would focus on innovation and creativity, there needed to be a compound in thinking. There was very little that Immelt could do single handed to completely change the company and transform his workforce. Majority of the workforce in the company

Master Plan Evaluation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Master Plan Evaluation - Term Paper Examplety is that landsides in two of the two airports be build with the new improved facilities that giving the airports a high technological advancement. The opposite similarity is that the landsides in both airports meet the recommended curb capacity. Moreover, landsides in both of the two airports provide abstemious access to future mass transit system (Richard de Neufville & Odoni, 2003).Various differences emerge on the issue of landsides in both airports. whiz of the differences is that in the Kansas City, the landside accommodates southern landside access (Richard de Neufville & Odoni, 2003). However, Portland internationalistic accommodates both the southern and southern eastward landsides. The other established difference in matters tie in to landside is that the Kansas City landside provides effective to access roads. However, the landside in Portland International Airport required certain changes and improvements in order to pro vide effective to access roads (Richard de Neufville & Odoni, 2003). one(a) of the similarities is that in both of the two airports, there are in-terminal circulations of vehicles within the airport. The other similarity is there are designated areas where vehicles are required to drop or pick passengers within the airport. The other similarity in matters related to vehicle circulation is that in both of the two airports, there are designated areas for parking vehicles for the all the staff members and customers.One of the established differences in both of the two airports is that there are a number of growths in relation to roadway capacity to facilitate effective vehicle circulation in Portland International Airport. Some of these growth issues embroil freeway interchange, airport access roads and terminal roadway. However, there are no such improvements place in Kansa City Airport. The other main difference between the two airports is limited expansion readiness in the main terminal of Kansas City Airport. However, Portland International

Next Generation Weather Satellites Research Paper

Next Generation live on Satellites - Research Paper Examplein this research piece called Next generation endure satellites, the reference describes the perspective that our world can achieve with modern meteorological equipment. This theme is underlooked from the technical side, so this paper will be helpful for students of Technical faculties or Design. The author strongly believes that side by side(p) generation bear satellites are still in production, while others are still in the design process for utmost efficiency and reliability possible, as well as operational life. As a result, there is a lease to look at the neighboring generational weather satellites ground on their design and technological features onboard that are used for weather forecasting and planning purposes. The design of next generation weather satellites is unfree on a number of aspects, of which the cost of production is one, and this plays a crucial role in determine how soon these systems can be op erational. As such, the cost of facilitating the creation of next generation weather satellites is laid-back and therefore requires a large amount of capital. This is following the steps used in the design of diametric technologies used in this heavy equipment in that there are the design fees. Current programs in this hypothesis of producing next generation weather satellites have faced significant constraints from financial pressure and shortcomings, where most of the projects to find them have overrun their budgets. This paper consists of Introduction, Main part and Reference List. Download and get you highest AThe main reason for this lies with the fact that the components postulate to produce a single satellite are not required en masse, but are instead procured from different manufacturers, which makes the price high due to poor economies of shield base on wholesale and retail prices (Altium, 2012). Single components cost much than bulk component sales, then there is need to consider the pricing in the designing of the next generation weather satellites based on price, where in spite of the high cost of design and production of the satellites, bulk production of the satellites is more viable due to lowering the cost of the components. In addition, another factor in the design of next generational weather satellites in relation to the cost is being cost effective in prudence operational costs from older satellites that have been in orbit on in a geosynchronous position with earth. As such, designing these satellites based o efficiency is a feature to be considered as even current trends indicate that studies have been done to assess the role of cost effectiveness in next generation weather satellites. Costs of factoring in and using next generation satellites based on improved modern technology are lower than the current satellites in orbit considering the reply of images captured from technically and technologically advanced features to be fo und in next generation satellites (Gonzalez, 1998). Considering this, designing next generation weather satellites requires production of data such as maps and tracking of weather patterns at scarce a fraction of the conventional cost used in traditional satellites that are already in orbit. The above consideration in designing next generation satellites ensures that the functionality of these satellites is meant to overtake the current weather satellites by cutting down on their cost of operation in relation to resolutions and photographic units to be co-ordinated into the equipment. This is further to translate the cost of offering access to the satellites, since there will be no need to keep analyzing the data from a third party point on the ground since all is taken care of from the satellites end. The above brings in the concept of technological inclusions in designing next generation weather satellites. In tis point, there is one key aspect to assess and analyze critically as it serves the telephone exchange point in the entire satellite network for both existing and next generation. Sensors are what plump down up information and

Principles of Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Principles of Human Resource Management - Essay Example starting line from identifying the capacity and nature of nameforce required, employers need to lay down the specifications of the diversity mix they aim to antedate in their organization. This involves clarifying the demographics, qualification, skill set, education, competencies and other abilities. The point of contention which arises here is the possibility of overt or systematic discrimination creeping in, based on caste, color, creed, race, religion, gender, marital status, minority and much(prenominal) other factors (Markey et al. 2002). From organisational point of view, competencies are defined in advance just for the purpose of matching the core jobs with that of panoramas profile, leaving scope of adjustment for peripheral duties and responsibilities of the job. However, discriminating candidates on the basis of such criteria denies them equality of opportunity in the first place, and later on from appropriate tr aining and development session unionized and managed by the organization. Pandey (2006, p.21) gives some exceptional cases where sex or religion is not considered as unlawful in segregating the candidature of employees, give care playing role for a movie or a drama. But in general, such practices are considered anti to the equal opportunity laws. Evidence of discriminatory practices constitutes the type of questions asked during selection interviews. though basic information has to be provided by the candidate, yet federal laws have now prohibited inquire questions on marital status, weight and height, education, child care, demographics, ownership and such other details. Purpose behind such prohibition is to safeguard the interests of women and under-represented communities who are denied of equal opportunities on the basis of their height, care giving duties, availability to work on weekends, etc (Strahan & Burgess 1998). This discrimination extends to even compensation and prom otion techniques adopted by the management of the organization. Lately, initial screening and assessments stages in recruitment and selection process have turned advanced with the advent of technologies like Interactive Voice Responses system (IVR) and neighborly networking tools. Though these technologies have simplified the entire process, but in reality have posed many legal challenges ahead HR practitioners and policy makers. Primary amongst them is the unfitness of such hiring practices in giving due attention to applicants suffering from disabilities like hearing and visual impairment. Further, it limits the allowance by providing opening to people having internet connection. This gives direct birth to disparate impact whereby web-based hiring creates membership and access based on sub-groups, age etc. Employers are also making extensive use of social networking tools and websites like Facebook, Twitter and other to conduct background checks and gather information and confi rming the credentials of candidates. This like a shot gives rise to invasion of privacy and unlawful spying on profiles of candidates which are otherwise not considered as authentic means of background

Responsible Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Responsible Management - Essay ExampleIt is important for all(prenominal) fundamental law to consider the social, economic and environmental systems in which it is operating. In the long-run it is the corporations that develop a semipermanent vision for their business along with fulfilling their responsibilities towards the society which are able to sustain their development in the miserliness (Albareda, 2008 Crane et al., 2008).Due consideration of the environment in which the organization is operating will help to agree that all the functions of the organization are conducted in the right perspective and in an ethical manner. When an organization accepts its closeness in controlling the economic resources of the society, the instruction will automatically be accountable to the society about(predicate) the assets used. This level of accountability needs to be conducted on fair grounds and in a dear manner by the organization. Even in cases where the organization faces losses , it should still maintain its accountability and not queer in any false practices or excuses.In order to help managements fulfill their social responsibilities several(prenominal) models have been proposed and one such concept is the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) (Park & Stoel, 2005). The introduction of this concept acted as a vehicle for proper and clear reporting of the corporations environmental, economic and social proceeding (Ketola, 2009). Performances related to the environment and social concerns can be monitored with the help of this concept. TBL has grown in popularity as it assists an organization in determining the extent to which it is successfully meeting its responsibilities towards the community.The concept of TBL has given a direction to the management in developing the goals and objectives of the organization according to its business environment. By following the guidelines specified in the

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 23

Marketing - Essay ExampleThese uncontrollable elements oft decide how an organisation operates - countries have different demographic attributes, tax structures, political and legal environments. Apple Inc. is superstar such orgabisation that has worked hard to create an image of a people oriented participation and thus it has been a top priority for the company to identify with the masses and create a community (Weiss A., 2005).Challenges argon spacious for a global company it faces issues like foreign exchange rate fluctuations, unstable government, shifting borders, degeneracy and counterfeiting. In spite of this it is a prerogative for the companies to internationalize their operations. They need to go closer to the markets they serve and scoop out local factors of production into consideration. Multinational organisations have definite marketing objectives in mind when they venture into operations. The biggest queries piazza around their choice of country (which is deter mined by the competitive advantage, market attractiveness and risk associated with the nation), the stylus of entry (different modes differ on the level of profit potential, risk, control and most importantly, commitment), and finally, the way in which the company adapts its marketing program to the local specifications.Before going into the details of Globalisation, Localisation and Glocalisation, it may be dependable to understand how a company is faced with the challenge of adapting its marketing campaign which involves the product(s), the marketing communication, the distribution dress that the company adopts and the price at which the company decides to sell. Straight extension, product adaptation or product inventions are the strategically poised options open to the firm on the product front. It basically deals with the decision of the company to go with its existing portfolio,

How I will lead groups to become great teams Essay

How I will lead groups to become great teams - Essay ExampleAs a member of the tremendous Learning Group, I noticed various issues that emerged in the process of our interaction and learning. To begin with there were various psychodynamic characteristics that emerged among the group members which are pertinent to any psyche with the ambition to lead and make decisions on bigger groups or team.The first lesson I learnt from the outsized Learning Group is that it is pertinent for any group to situate roles among the members. I will apply this strategy in my leadership program. I will begin by allocating roles to each member of the group a process which will begin by identifying my roles and ultimately the roles of others. parceling of roles is pertinent due to the fact that it allows the group members to focus on their specific duties and have a intelligence of direction.This process will be guided through proper communication and motivations as well as supervision in order to watch that members follow direction and are enthusiastic in execute their duties. Proper communication also encompasses taking feedbacks from the group members in order to determine the challenges faced as they perform their duties and the development of solutions.Secondly, I also learned a common feature that existed between the Large Learning Group and the Peer Learning Group the backation of authority. It is very crucial for any person aspiring to be a successful leader to be in a position to confirm his/her authority that is, it is imperative to determine and confirm your duties and responsibilities as well as the duties and the responsibilities of others. This step is arrived at by making agreements among the group members on each persons responsibility as it will ensure that there are proper intra-group relationships and a harmonious flow of actions. As a leader, I am going to apply this strategy to ensure that the possibility of occurrence of conflicts is reduced and that

Chinatown Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chinatown - Case Study ExampleWater has a sexual implication in the movie and this is portrayed by the diametric characters present lie Jake and Cross from the movie. Water is a very essential commodity for both internal and external use. Poor planning in the pee system may not achieve the desired effect on urban planning because skilful urban centers have stable water supply system. Transpargonncy in the urban water electric charge enhances urban development as individuals are attracted to places with availability of such factors like water and security. Urban centers are characterized by large populations who cannot stay permanently in areas without water for a long period, therefore, most urban planers take into consideration the availability of water when erecting structures or drawing up the map of a new urban center.Suburbanization is eminent in Chinatown movie by the culture presented by the film manufacturing business in the movie. A perfect example of the differences in the suburbs is the presence of the Mall which greatly differs in the different areas mentioned in the movie. Urban growth and suburbanization are a process where developments happen gradually and within a set period of time. It is traced through the obscure era when there was scarcity of resources to an era when the mission of drouth management, water quality and good control of the environment is achieved. Urban growth must be attended by a tremendous increase in the population of individuals within a given urban center. The increase in the urban centers will promote the development of suburbanization since there will emerge path difference amongst the individuals living in the area.Political corruption is an issue of concern in Chinatown movie. An example is that Polanski flees from the inequitable verdict of the judge who was corrupt and wanted to wreck policy-making career. The movie is filled with issue of political and moral corruption and this lies the political planning o f the movie.

Read the article, and answer the question Assignment

Read the article, and answer the question - subsidization ExamplePersonal power arises due to individual knowledge or expertise, which an individual possesses and can operation with authority due to this know how.Formal power can each be reward, legitimate, coercive or information (Dillard 27). Coercive power involves infliction of fear to an individual, with threats such as low pay, to get a person to act in a premeditated manner. Reward power is opposite of coercive, and it involves promises of positive rewards for conformance with certain conduct. An individual in a position to distribute such rewards is viewed to have power everywhere others. Legitimate power arises in formal organisation structure, representing the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy. Information power stems from a person comptroller over information, which other organizational members do not have (Dillard 29-45).Personal power can either be expert, referent o r charismatic. Expert power is a powerful source of influence, which stems from possession of a special skill, or knowledge. Referent power arises where people want to associate with an individual who has immerse resources, and as result, such an individual can exercise power over them. Charismatic power streams from an individual spirit and interpersonal style, such that other people exercises follower sensitivity over such an individual (Dillard 34-47). tutor objectives in exercising power over different generations of a Company are to achieve erect goals. Kate admits that 20 years ago, legitimate power had greater influence, because all she did was tell people what to do, and they executed with fall out resistance. She points out that in the contemporary business environment, negotiations and influence plays a significant role in managing employees. This can be attributed to personal power, because expertise power is the most influential power

Democracy in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Democracy in America - Essay ExampleIf the headlines and pundits atomic number 18 to be believed, the American administration is a wreck. The reality of the situation is the American government is alive, well and working much the management it was designed by the gentlemen that crafted it over two hundred years ago. The system of checks and balances keeps any unmatchable class of the government from bullying the other, personal liberties are vigorously defended each day and an amazing amount of services, from unassailable food to national defense, are provided ceaselessly to the American people. Considering the often touted inefficiencies of our democratic government and the wonderful things that are actually accomplished and achieved each day, it is clear that there are certain aspects of the constitution that could be changed or updated. This is clear when one looks at many of the social issues that face the nation at this time. The changes do not need to be profound, but as in any system, when you make a change to one part of the system, you may see negative effects in other part. As we examine the parts of the out governmental structure, it becomes apparent that our modern society requires some changes to how people are elected to government, how the departments of government works, the relationship of the executive to the other branches of government and even some of the personal liberties enjoyed in the Bill of rights. ... I would increase the length of term for a member of the family of Representatives to four years. As it stands now, most of the House of Representatives spend their time running for re-election and not running the country. Elections every two years are a huge distraction to these members of congress. Running an election is more complicated and expensive than it was when the constitution was established. For this reason, members of the house should let longer terms. The House of Representatives should have 25% of its members bein g elected each year. This means that some of the members provide always be running for office, but it also ensures that there will be constant overthrow if people are not pleased with the way the House of Representatives is running the nation. These changes will result in more focused legislators and a more responsive House. The second change that should be made concerns the portion of money in the electoral process. The entire process of getting elected now focuses on having exuberant money to get your message out, hire staff and run negative advertisements against your opponents. The only donors that can launch enough money to really influence a national campaign are the ultra-wealthy and large corporations. The tyrannical Court has recently ruled that corporations can make unlimited, anonymous contributions to political parties and individuals though Political movement Committees (Liptak, 2010). This ruling is very dangerous for our democratic process. The Court reasoned t hat money is the same as speech, as protected in the Bill of Rights. The justices ruled that if the government curtailed the spending of money in the political process, indeed it would be the same a curtailing

How A Student Can Get an A or an F in Freshman English Essay Example for Free

How A Student Can Get an A or an F in Freshman face showMost schoolchilds know the answer to the question as to how champion gets an A or an F in Freshman English class. The reasons argon basically the same with how unrivaled gets either class in their other(a) academic subjects. Also, after going through different English classes from sexual conquest school to high school, the scholar should incur more or less gathered ideas on how to ace or fail the subject, the criteria roughly similar for each grade level of English classes the differences mainly on the difficulty level of the lessons and the complexity of the skills and performance required from the savants. This essay will point prohibited several of these factors by which the freshman student can get an A or an F in his first English class in college. These reasons ar interrelated precisely not interdep final stageent with each other. Meaning, the presence of all these factors in one student makes it most p robable for him to get an A but the lack of one or nigh of them do not mean that the student would fail to get an A. An important fact to point out is that A and F occupy the extreme ends of a grading scheme, with A being the take up grade and F being the worst that a student can get.It follows therefore that the reasons why a student gets an A in Freshman English are the opposites of the reasons as to why another student gets an F. identical most English subjects, Freshman English entails a lot of reading. This is to develop further the reading and intelligence skills that students have been training for since they started learning the alphabets in kindergarten. Reading is a continuous pattern that is sharpened with form or gets rusty with the lack of it. Teachers realize this. Some reading assertments in Freshmen English include literary texts, books and articles.Students that read assigned texts diligently and religiously according to when they are supposed to be reador ev en do advance and extra readingget A during evaluation quizzes. Those who are slow or those who rely on reading summaries when the teacher required the reading of the whole text, more than often get the F. Aside from reading, the subject requires a lot of writing on the part of the student. Freshmen English teachers alike to assign paperwork for various reasons. To test whether the student read the required story, novel or essay, the teacher would assign a book report, a reaction or analysis paper of the text.Another reason is to exercise the critical beting skills of the student. The teacher would assign papers on a variety of topics, both close the subject matter discussed in class and other topics he deems relevant for the student to know and think about. To enhance the creativity of the student, the teacher could require him to write a poem, mortalal essay or story. Students who observe with these writing assignments and who exert the effort to conduct research when neces sary can get an A.The students that simply put over aboutthing just for the sake of complying with the requirement, or who do not submit papers at all, get F. give attention to the teachers lectures and perceive to what are being discussed during class hours is another area that differentiates the A from the F student. The textbook does not contain everything that needed to be learned. The role of the teacher is also to supply the knowledge that can be acquired through the textbook. Usually, the items that appear in quizzes and test are those which the teacher emphasizes during lectures.Also, listening to class lectures is actually a substitute for studying independently. Any student would realize that if he listens conservatively during class discussion, he would not need to study as hard anymore since when all the senses are involved in the learning process, like what happens during a class discussion, more learning occurs. The student who gets A know this fact. The F studen t crams during exams because he prefers to daydream during class hours or be absent altogether. genetics also play a role in differentiating the A student from the F student.It is unfair but it is a recognized fact that a high IQ can also be inherited. ache parents usually bear smart kids. The intelligence can even be subject-specific. A father who loves maths could have a son who loves numbers as much as him. A student who loves English may have a Dad who also loves the subject and this passion is simply being passed on to the childan A student in English. If the student is predisposed because of his genes to be naturally good in communication activities and this talent is accompanied with diligence, he will get an A in freshman English. acquire an A or an F in Freshman English is not always because of factors that pertain to the student. The milieu in which the student lives in can also play a part in determine whether he would get the best or worst grade in the subject. Teach ers who inspire their students to do their best usually do make them perform their best. A boring English teacher encourages absenteeism and slack among students. cipher wants to sleep in the classroom but the droning voices of few English teachers just induce sleepiness.Meanwhile, some students might begin the semester hating English, but this could change given the right motivations from the teacher such as kindle discussions, topics that cater to the interest of the students age group, and interactive activities that stimulate their creativity and multiple intelligences. A fact is that if many students in a class get an A after the semester, for certain the denotation of the teacher and his teaching methodologies had something to do with it. Home culture is also a reason why some students can get an A while others get F in Freshman English.A dental plate which is rich in literary texts and reading materials are beneficial to the English student. A young person who grows up w ith a family who encourages the development of good reading habits among its members would have fewer problems acquire an A in English class because he would already have developed one of the major skills required in the subject. More so, if the individual also writes for a hobby. The home training would also be complete if the parents are supportive of their childrens studies especially their interest in the subject. Students who get F usually lack implement and attention at home.Nobody tells them to study or encourages them to read. Finally, friends can also have something to do with the grade one gets in a subject. They are actually very influential with regards to whether the student would still have time to study, be interested with matters that pertain to school, and aim for good grades. If aside from the usual teenage activities ones friends also encourage reading amongst themselves, conducting group studies, helping out in doing class assignments and projects, and getting the best possible grades, the student would have better chances of getting an A in his English class.The factors enumerated higher up are basic yet important reasons as to how a student can get an A or an F in Freshman English class. Knowing them, applying them in ones lifespan as a freshman student, or adjusting some things that do not apply to the individual, could be face-saving in his getting a better grade when the report card comes out at the end of the semester.

Infotainment of U.S. News Media Essay Example for Free

Infotainment of U.S. News Media EssayThe current type of word media in the United States, dubbed as infotainment, wherein soft journalism is preferred over hard password, further stains the composition of what is regarded as the Fourth State or one of the influential bodies in American society. This is because this kind of reportage does non offer serious reporting of events and hard facts, but sensationalized intelligence information about the lives of personalities, crime, and other less(prenominal) realistic stories. It is unfortunate to note that infotainment has made American media more comfortable with embellishing hard news primarily because it is what the public wants and what the public needs. Under the disguise and with misleading purpose of an energized print sales and conduct ratings, infotainment is such a blooper which actually further escalates the worsening level of news media public. At the same time, it damages more the involvement and knowledge of the read ers and viewers. In short, the existing nature of American news media weakens the quality of reporting and credibility of broadcast and print media companies, pushes further their respective public, and is detrimental to the nations democracy.Due the puckish competition within the industry, American news media is now tied up to meet income expectations, resulting in a quality sacrifice and economic operation demands that dictate the choices of news content and compromise the managements operations. This transformation in the industrys mode has promoted a second thought of industry standards. This leaves the profession into the hands of new era of media practitioners who atomic number 18 less committed to the existing journalism code of ethics.These new breed have actually portrayed themselves as famous personalities moonlighting as journalists or news reporters. Ultimately, it is both the news organizations and American public which atomic number 18 to be blame for this sickenin g and continued reporting that focuses on personalities and other forms of entertainment rather than the nubble or content of a news event. This is because no media company would practice infotainment if it will not click with the audience. However, it is not yet too late to save the news media industry.What it can do is for it to withstand abreast and take advantage of the technological advancements within the industry such as the accessibility of planet television or cable system and availability of World Wide Web or Internet. American media should utilize these technological improvements by not sensationalizing or resorting to what is called the yellow journalism. Instead, it should advance its cause and primary cultivation which is to present to the public a balance, fair, and fearless news reporting.

The Effect of Interactivity with a Music Video Game on Second Language Vocabulary Recall Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Interactivity with a Music Video Game on Second Language verbiage Recall EssayThis explore has been d champion by Jonathan deHaan, W. Michael beating-reed instrument and Katsuko Kuwada. Jonathan deHaan is an Associate professor in the efficiency of planetary Relations at the University of Shizuoka. He earned his Ph. D. in Educational Communication and Technology from naked York University. His research concenteres on routine lecture learning and teaching with mettle well-nighs and simulations. As for W. Michael Reed, he was a retired professor of Educational Communication and Technology at New York University and the IRB/IACUC Administrator for Radford University in Virginia. His research interests spanned over a 25-year period and focused on educational computing, problem-solving, metacognition, and composing processes. Meanwhile, Katsuko Kuwada is a doctoral student in the International Cultural Studies program at Tohoku University. She investigates d iction and culture her current research compares the use of first-person subjects in Nipponese and slope based on different cultural backgrounds.The consumption of this research is to know physical interactivity of a second actors line music icon zippy is manipulated to investigate the effect of interactivity on vocabulary learnedness and cognitive charge up (deHaan, Reed Kuwada, 2010) or in simpler way is to investigate whether the interactivity ( and simultaneously presented text, audio and animation) of video impale is extraneous cognitive load (thus having a negative effect on learning) or relevant load (thus having a positive effect on learning) (deHaan, Reed Kuwada, 2010).Over run across The research question that been highlighted here is to view interactivity of second language on music video back on recalling vocabulary. This research captured my attention ascribable to the usage of media in teaching English as second language to undergraduate Japanese students . As we all know, multimedia technology has been implemented in language learning to attract as puff up as to motivate second language user to be able to perceive, learn and make whoopie English language.This research is crucial to this aeon, in which multimedia is being integrated in language learning. Thus Professor deHaan, Prof. Reed and DR. Kuwada focus on what constitute a game rather then what discount be added to a game to manipulate it approachable and enjoyable in teaching and learning process. In this research it has depicted that human cognitive architecture consists of a limited short-term shop (Baddeley, 1992, Miller, 1959), and a games complex elements (e. g. usic, subtitles and lyrics) can create an unalterable high demand on working memory (intrinsic cognitive load), it is important to understand whether a media features, such as interactivity, present a student with superfluous extraneous cognitive load, which interferes with learning, or germane load, which e nhances learning (deHaan, Reed Kuwada 2010). Analysis This research has been done to cope with video game interactivity would help or resist the nonicing and recall of second language vocabulary. (deHaan, Reed Kuwada, 2010).hither the three researchers have used interactivity, language proficiency and video game proficiency as free-living variables while cognitive load vocabulary written recall, and participant opinions as dependent measures, Eighty undergraduates in which 65 of them are males and 15 of them are females in a range of age around 18 to 24, from Computer Science University in rural Japan. Subjects mother tongue is Japanese and has 6 to 11 old age of formal English education. Participants were paired and one participant in each pair was randomly delegate to either play or watch the video game, and this been conducted in laboratory, for 20 minutes long.Professor deHaan, Prof. Reed and Dr. Kuwada, instructed the participants to play or watch the game and learn the words of the rap. The video game level was repeat five times by all pairs. The participants were not allowed to take notes or use their dictionaries and even not allowed to see and what to a greater extent to interact with one and another. The material that was used in this research was Parappa the Rapper 2. not bad(p) after cease with the experiment, participants would be createn topics from the game and were used as written cloze try, where participants were inevitable to write the missing words from the games rap in the texts blanks.This test been repeated again after 2 weeks. The result after the test depicted that watchers of the video game recalled significantly more vocabulary items compare to the players. Thus because watchers focus only on the objects in the game and the sentences describing the pictures without even have to integrate with the game locker. Meanwhile, the players have to both focuses on the integration with game and with console as well as their integr ation with the sentences describing the pictures, to such a degree the players are having cognitive lots. inspection and Evaluation This research is focus on effect of interactivity with music video game on second language vocabulary recall. After thoroughly read the research paper I have base out that Professor deHaan, Prof. Reed and Kuwada pay cogently attention to know whether video game (multimedia technology) would help or hinder noticing and recall second language vocabulary. Here the three researchers focus on cognitivist perspective in which according to Jean Piaget (1977), mental process of an individual use in responding to their environment.Cognitivism deals with how people think, solve problems and make decisions. When the players interact with the game they are using their cognitive ability to engage with the steps that they need to pursue in order to move up to the next level of the game as well as to convene on the lyrics given in the game. Here the players are res ponding to their environment, however being cognitive loads between fixating on the game and engaging to the lyrics somehow has distracted them from focusing on the vocabulary.Thus has do them failed to recall the vocabulary during vocabulary recall test. Meanwhile, the watchers do not faced the cognitive load overdue to solely one way interaction (receiving the input) between them and the video game, thus has given them time to give great detail using memorization method, which is one of the 6 cognitive learning strategies (Rubin Wenden, 1987), to indulge in the game. Furthermore, this research has turn out that by using video game can help to assist language learning in second language leaner.As been mention by Hubbard (1991), language learning may happen with video game as language is involved in the play. It is easy to accept language learning evolves through game as language and problem solving are correlated and what more students seem to enjoy it. Despite that, the resea rch has significantly highlighted that by watching the media (game), in defiance of involving in it, can make the learners notice and recalling more vocabulary items (deHaan, Reed Kuwada, 2010), as they have only to focus on the lyrics only.Hence consolidate that usage of multimedia technology (game) in language class does not hinder the language learning. However, teachers must scrutinize type of game that they want to use in their language class. Nevertheless, in learning second language it is not enough by just interact with game and the lyrics. To become competence in a language one must also portray the purpose of using the language rather than just merely know the language yet not perish it in purposeful conversation to reinforce the learning, thus communication is important in language learning. same what has been mentioned by Douglas Brown (2000), communication is not merely an event, something that happens it is functional, purposive and designed to bring about some effec t. Due to that, 2 weeks after the research has been done, the participants been called to attempt second test to evaluate their vocabulary in recalling the game lyrics. Here both players and watchers have shown drastically reducing of vocabulary if comparing to the previous test. This has proven that without purposeful learning students testament not be able to sustain the vocabulary.On my behalf, I potently believe that communicatory reinforcement can enhance on language learning via technology, as one language learning and no purposeful practise exit hinder the language learning process. through with(predicate) this research I have learnt to acquiesce, without collaboration with learning strategies (between memorising, recalling and communicating via multimedia tool), the language learning will not become purposeful and will make one learning a failure. ConclusionIt can be concluded that physical interaction of this game has extraneous cognitive load effect on the players, thu s not conducive to learning and seemed to have unnecessarily diverted the players attention from the vocabulary and hinder recall. Meanwhile, the watchers of the game have not exposed to the additional extraneous load and have been able to charge more cognitive resources to the intrinsic load of the game and its language. As a consequence this research I have learnt that suitable game (multimedia) can assist language learning process as students seemed to enjoy such activity.In any respect with purposeful reinforcement such as germane communicative reinforcement can compensate language acquisition better. Moreover, implication of this research on future study, teachers will be more selective in choosing multimedia material for their classes and they will make sure respite input been given in the sense of interactivity and language learning so that no cognitive load will occur and hinder language learning via multimedia.

Conflicting Perspectives Essay Example for Free

hostile Perspectives EssayComposers ar able to evoke in the hearing current reactions to characters or events in their textbooks by presenting conflicting perspectives on different issues through the manipulation of the language forms and features of their medium, often communicating their own ideas somewhat issues in question, which results in the creation of meaning within their texts. (?). David Guterson in his 1995 novel Snow Falling on Cedars (Snow) and Henry Bean in his 2001 film The Believer (Believer) demonstrate conscious choices made regarding structure and techniques in the construction of their texts in consecrate to represent conflicting perspectives exploring ideas on racial prejudice and hatred and ethnical contrasts and thus engage the audience. Composers can examine racial/religious prejudice brought on by fight by using form specific techniques to present conflicting perspectives on the same event, designed to prod certain audience responses. Guterson, in Snow, purposely presents conflicting perspectives between Arthur Chambers and Hatsue and some other members of the sporty companionship on San Piedro, particularly Etta Heine, in order to draw sympathy for the intercession of the Japanese after collect Harbour is bombed. Arthur is empathetic towarf beds them, saying in his local paper the San Piedro Review, those of Japanese descent on this island are not responsible for the tragedy at Pearl Harbour. Make no mistake about it. The in high spirits modality language and short, direct sentences use by Guterson highlights Arthurs deeply-held picture of the innocence of the Japanese on the island. In support of Arthurs argument, Hatsue, through the narratives non-linear structure, recalls her pain and confusion at the treatment of her people, saying, It just isnt fair its not fair. How could they do this to us, just like that? The emotive attract in addition to Arthurs article triggers audience support of the Japanese communi ty. Guterson, however, also presents the contrasting racial hatred of the white islanders towards the Japanese. Etta Heine justifies the deportation of the Japanese with blunt, monosyllabic sentences Theyre Japs Were in a war with them. We cant have spies around. The use of the derogative termJaps and the distinct differentiation between them, the Japanese, and we, the white people, illustrates her bigoted hatred of the Japanese. Through the conflicting perspectives of Etta against Arthur and Hatsue, Guterson sways the audience to feel for the ill treatment of the Japanese, and shows them his own opinion on the forbid effect of racism in wartime on the perceptions and conduct towards certain groups.Conflicting perspectives are established by Bean in Believer between Daniel, a neo-Nazi who is paradoxically a Jew himself, and a number of Holocaust survivors pertaining to the strength of their actions during WWII which aims to convey a pro-Jewish sentiment to audiences. At a sensitiv ity rearing session, Danny is enraged at a Jewish mans lack of action while reflexion his son being scoreed by a Nazi during the Holocaust. Rapidly cutting over-the-shoulder shots between Danny and the Jews bear witness their opposing views. A close-up of Danny when he is asked by the Jews what he would have d unitary in the situation shows his disdain and incredulous disbelief of the Jews weakness as he replies Not what he did. Just stand in that respect and watch? Bean immediately employs a close-up reaction shot of the female Jew who rebuts with, How do you know? Youve neer been tested like he has. Here in his rich, safe, stupid country it is so easy to cogitate oneself a hero. The personal address through 2nd person and the accumulation of adjectives to build a negative image of America strongly opposes Dannys prejudiced conviction that Jews are pathetic, and also appeals to audiences the idea that religious prejudice towards Jews is unjustified. As Guterson does in Snow , conflicting perspectives are represented by Bean in order to sway his audience to respond negatively to unfounded sentiments of prejudice.Conflicting perspectives between characters can be used by composers to control the way in which an audience perceives them by exploring the ethnical clashes that exist in the text as a reflection of societal (or social?) behaviour. In Snow, Guterson presents conflicting perspectives between Kabuo and the control board during his murder trial. In the opening chapter, a vivid description of Kabuos posture and expression is given from the jurys perspective he is shown as proudly upright rigid detached. This initial personation portrait of Kabuo makes him suspicious not only to the jurybut also to the audience, as Hatsue tells Kabuo using a allegory that he looks like one of Tojos soldiers. However, Guterson, through the novels non-linear structure, refutes this perspective by explaining Kabuos behaviour to the audience via a flashback. Through h is fathers teachings that the greater the composure, the more revealed one was, the audience learns the reason behind Kabuos unemotional stance. Third person omniscient gives the audience to sympathise with Kabuos emotive explanation that he sat upright in the hope that his desperate composure index reflect the shape of his soul. Guterson, through conflicting perspectives, influences his audience to understand Kabuo and the impact of contrasting cultural determine on the perception of an individual.In Believer, Bean likewise shows contrasting opinions between Danny, who cannot fully repress his privy Jewish identity, and his anti-Semitic skinhead friends to create audience sympathy for Dannys inner struggles with the opposing aspects of his identity. When Danny and his friends break into a synagogue, Daniel shows a surprising respect for his religion which clashes with those of the other neo-Nazis. This directly conflicts with Dannys character established at the films opening, w hen he violently beats up a Jew for no apparent reason. wearying a brown shirt symbolising the Nazi SA (brown-shirts), Dannys dark costuming contrasts with the light coloured one of his Jewish victim, highlighting the evil in his nature. Bean, however, challenges the audiences view of Danny in order to give them to understand his conflicting identities. In one frame, Danny is in the foreground walking down an aisle, which is juxtaposed with the other Nazis vandalising the synagogue. Their loud, raucous whooping contrasts to that of Dannys respectful silence, highlighting their different treatments of the Jewish culture. When one of the Nazis tears up a Torah, a sacred Jewish text, after much opposition from Danny, a reaction shot of him shows unhappiness and pain accompanied by melancholy music, underlining Dannys unspoken deference for Judaism. Beans line drawing of conflicting perspectives on Jewish culture incites the audience to respond more sympathetically towards Danny, an d to understand that his lining is a product of cultural differences in his society.The composers in Snow and Believer have effectively utilise techniques within their medium to represent conflicting perspectives about racial or religious prejudice and cultural differences in order to provoke certain audience responses to the characters, events or situations in their story. This includes reactions of sympathy for a certain perspective or disbelief and even disfavour of opposing perspectives. In this way, the composers connect to the audience and bring forth meaning within their texts.In Snow, Hatsue is confined by the traditions of her culture, as shown when her mother Fujiko says to her dont allow living among the hakujin to become living intertwined with them. Your soul will decay rot and go sour. The change in language to refer to the Americans as hakujin and the emotive metaphor of Hatsues breakdown of purity highlights Fujikos dislike of American culture. This

Starbucks Alternatives Essay Example for Free

Starbucks Alternatives EssayAlternatives Alternative 1 is to enclose existing products to fresh markets.Since Starbucks is already an established name, we know for a fact that people kindred drinking Starbucks coffee. However, cultural attitudes can be unlike around the world. This is an important fact since Starbucks is set on growing internationally. They will in like manner face different reception to Starbucks image and taste. Statistics show that there is pipe down a lot of opportunity to grow in new markets. These current markets represent significantly little risk than setting up overseas. This alternate(a) takes what Starbucks have so far and push it into unknown markets. This is quite an idle.Alternative 2 is to introduce late products to existing markets.To offer new products in existing stores would be less costly than setting up a new store in a new market. Immediately, new products will have the Starbucks brand image and this will help increase revenue bec ause of these new complimentary items. While Starbucks is still in its growth stage, it is questionable about investing time and bullion into new products in our current markets when people are still finding out about Starbucks. truehearted customers can also be upset at changes to the new offerings. This option is non very risky and will yield a return that is low.Alternative 3 is to introduce new products to new markets.This alternative is more risky than the previous two but is necessary if Starbucks is to expand in the long term. In order to increase revenue and grow as a company, Starbucks will have to reach different consumers. These may include people who drink different kinds of coffee, teas and other hot beverages. Since Starbucks is selling the Starbucks experience, they should seek to introduce new products to make that experience fit that specific culture. They can still keep some of their current menu offerings but have it tailored to the consumers. By having a dive rsified product offering, they will also spread their risk. For instant, if they started selling coffee beans from another country, these new beans could keep thecash flow coming in if another countrys beans were not acceptable due to weather conditions. However, the image of Starbucks can go both ways. Consumers may already have a preconceived notion of what Starbucks is about and will purchase or not purchase according to that. There is also risk that the current Starbucks image could be seen as untoward to current consumers if they think that the newer product items are of a poorer quality.

Angina Pectoris Care Plan Essay Example for Free

angina Pectoris Care Plan EssayCare Plan For Angina Pectoris Angina Pectoris Chief Complaint diligent complains of having tightness and pain in his chest that seems to move down the leftfield arm. forbearing describes the pain as being sharp and can be sometimes a mild pain or an immobilize pain. Medical diagnosing Coronary Artery Disease Pathophysiology of Angina Pectoris Angina Pectoris develops when coronary blood head for the hills becomes inadequate to meet myocardial oxygen demand. This causes myocardial cells to switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, with a advanced impairment of metabolic, mechanical, and electrical functions. Angina pectoris is the most common clinical manifestation of myocardial ischemia. It is caused by chemical substance and mechanical stimulation of sensory afferent nerve endings in the coronary vessels and myocardium. These nerve fibers extend from the kickoff to fourth thoracic spinal nerves, ascending via the spinal cord to the thala mus, and from there to the cerebral cortex. (http// emedicine. medscape. com/article/15021 5-overview, 6/1 5/10 1230 pm) Medical Interventions Diagnostic Tests 1.Coronary intravascular ultrasonography A coronary intravascular ultasonography is an invasive ultrasound per familyed rom a transducer within the lumen of the coronary arteries. (Laboratory test and diagnostic procedures, By Cynthia Chernicky, 5th Edition 2008). Electrocardiography is a noninvasive acoustic imaging procedure that determines the size, shape, position, heaviness and movements of the heart valves, walls, and chambers during each cardiac cycle. (Laboratory test and diagnostic procedures, By Cynthia Chernicky, 5th Edition 2008). lipide Profile Blood 3.Lipid profile blood is a test to check the units of each of the pursual Total lipids, A. Triglycerides B. HDL Cholesterol C. LDL Cholesterol D. E. Total HDL Cholesterol ratio. 4. Stress do work Test Stress exercise test measures the efficiency of the heart durin g a period of physical tenseness on a treadmill or on a stationary bicycle. Medications 1. Nitroglycerin Tablets Classification Vasodilator, antihypertensive. legal action Reduces preload and afterload, decreasing myocardial workload and oxygen demand. Uses To prevent or treat angina pectoris, hypertension, and heart failure.Contraindications exquisite Myocardial Infarction, angle- closure glaucoma, cerebral hemorrhage, concurrent use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, constrictive ericarditis. Route and Dosage Adults PO 1 mg. tablet every 5 time of days while awake. (Buccal) 0. 1 To 0. 8 mg. hr. worn 12 to 14 hours at a time. (Transdermal Patch) Adverse Reactions Some side effectuate of this drug that should be reported to a health care provider if they become severe are as follows headaches dizziness flushing lightheadedness reported to a healthcare provider immediately.The adverse effects of nitroglycerin are Nausea vomiting Weakness blurred peck fainting spell abdominal pain sweating chest pain pale climb rashes ? peeling of the skin blisters on the skin hives itching difficulty breathing Surgery 1 Transluminal coronary angioplasty Your wagon arteries can become clogged from a buildup of cholesterol, cells or other substances. This can reduce blood combine to your heart and cause chest discomfort.Sometimes a blood clot can suddenly form or get worse and completely block blood flow, leading to a heart attack. Angioplasty opens obstruct arteries and restores normal blood flow to your heart muscle. Angioplasty, a type of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), is non major surgery. It is done through a small puncture in a leg or arm artery and opens a clogged heart artery by inflating a tiny fly in it. Assessment Subjective longanimous is a 68 year old male with a history of coronary artery disease, and hypertension.Vital Signs as follows -r 986 R 25 p 102 Objective Patient seemed to be crying and in severe pain. Skin was flushed, and clammy. Rig ht hand was over left elevate as if he were trying to relieve the pressure of the pain. Nursing Diagnosis 1 Physical 1. subtle pain related to decreased oxygen supply to the myocardium. Nursing Intervention . Patient will breathe on oxygen as ordered for the next 12 hours. 2. Give Nitroglycerin Tablets sublingually every 5 minutes for the next 1 5 minutes. . Patient will sleep for at least 30 minutes every 2 hours for the next 8 hour shift. Nursing Evaluation/Outcome 1. Patient was able to be taken off of oxygen after the first 12 hours. 2. Patients pain had stop after 1 5 minutes of administration of the nitroglycerin tablets. 3. Patient was able to sleep for 30 minutes every 2 hours with no interruptions in the last 8 hour shift. Nursing Diagnosis 2 Psychosocial 1. Anxiety related to change in lifestyle. Nursing Interventions 1.Patient will be advised of the importance of taking the nitroglycerin at first sign of pain within an 8 hour shift. 2. Patient will take how to decreas e personal activities within 30 days. 3. Patient will tie in a stress management course within the next month. 1. Patient was able to better figure the use of the nitroglycerin tablets after an 8 hour shift. 2. Patient was able to decrease physical activities in the last 30 days. 3. Patient was able to Join a stress management course in last month. Potential/ Risk 1. Deflecient Knowledge related to coronary artery disease. . Patient will learn the causes of angina pectoris within an 8 hour shift. 2. Patient will learn the importance of side effects to medications within 8 hours. 3. Patient will make sure to get all information of medications originally leaving the hospital. 1. Patient was better able to understand what caused the angina pectori by the time he left the hospital. References 1. Laboratory test and diagnostic procedures, By Cynthia Chernicky, 5th Edition 2008. 2. http//emedicine. medscape. com/article/1 5021 5-overview, 6/1 5/10 1230 pm

Hindu wedding ceremony Essay Example for Free

Hindi wedding watching EssayWith reference to a Hindi wedding ceremony, describe and explain the some(prenominal) points of symbolism.Ritual is very(prenominal) chief(prenominal) within the Hindi religion. If religious rite is performed properly, uncorrupted karma testament follow and if non, the opposite entrust occur. at that place ar whole books dedicated to ritual such as the Veda, the oldest scripture in the world. Key factors in making the right match include the fortunener creationness Hindu, also preferably from the equivalent circle and matched horoscopically. Also, the horoscopes show what the best date for the wedding to take place is. Although India is a large soil and weddings vary, most key points are shared. In India the wedding itself would be at the brides home still in England a hall is booked. In preparation for the wedding, henna is used to decorate her hands and feet exserting many weeks represent her entry into her wedding party. A r ed spot is blushered called a tilaka masking she has been blessed by god. She is wearing a red sari, the colour of happiness, with gold jewellery, the best she can afford and black paint about her eyes called kajal. The groom gives her a ring that she wears on her toe. The groom ordain wear a kurta-pajana a lose fitting top and trousers and a veil of beads. The bride and grooms parents will worship Ganesh and the family deities asking them to be present at the wedding and make sure everything goes to plan.Throughout the ceremony itself the priest keeps a ignition burning by pouring ghee into the flames symbolising the presence of the Gods. He also throws rice and spices into the fire symbolising fertility. The bride byers puja to the deities and then(prenominal) goes into a separate room to offer private worship to Parvati and Shiva asking for a long marriage and children, preferably sons. When the groom arrives at the place of the wedding, the brides mother and the priest m eet him at the entrance with a sacred light to ward off any evil spirits. The priest prays to Vishnu and Lakshmi and together, the priest and brides mother drop dead the groom into the place of the wedding. The brides dad then gives him honey symbolising a sassy welcome and the priest recites a mantra from the Yajur-Veda. The brides family give her away to the grooms family.This can be compared to the Christian Wedding in which the brides father gives her way to the groom, the difference being, Hindu weddings are non just about the people acquiring married, but also individually of their families who are as much involved. The bride and groom stand facing individually other while the priest ties cloth around grooms neck and attaches it to brides sari representing unity. wherefore blessings are birdsong and the guests shower rice over the couple. The father of the bride then places her right hand into the palm of the groom. The father then asks the groom to follow his dharma -r eligious transaction, artha -earning money in an honest manner and karma -the enjoyment of pleasures, with moderation. The groom says to the bride I cargo deck your hand in the spirit of the dharma we are twain preserve and wife.The wife then steps onto a stone. This symbolises her decision to try to get though all problems they may come across throughout their marriage. Then the couple takes s steady steps around the sacred fire (saptapadi) this is essential correspond to the Law canon of Manu. Each step represents a different thing food, power, prosperity, wisdom, children, health and friendship. While taking these steps the husband says to the wife With utmost love to each other may we walk togetherMay we make our minds united, of the same vows and of the same thoughts. I am the wind and you are the melody. I am the melody and you are the words and on the last step the couple say in unison Into my will I take thy gist. Thy heart shall follow mine. And the heart of mine be yours.The brides bothers pour barley into the couples hands that are then poured into the fright fire symbolising the fact that they will work together for the benefit of cabaret. The husband then label his wifes parting with red kum-kum powder. -This is the sign of a married woman. The groom places a black necklace called a mangalsutra around the brides neck representing the union between the twain families. Also, black beads are used to ward off evil spirits. If the wedding is in daytime the couple will look at the sun to be blessed, if it is night-time they will look at the Polestar, asking that their love will shine as bright and last as long. Elders and the priest ending the ceremony then bless the couple and the guests then take part in a huge feast.When the wife enters her husbands house for the first off time she mustiness kick over a metal pot of grain into the house symbolising prosperity. Finally, the bride is given a new first name showing her new beginning.1) ii ) In a Hindu society what activities, arrangements, and advertisements might eventually lead to a marriage?According to Hindu scriptures, basically, you must not search for your let partner, and when you do loss a partner it must be the one your family arranges for you to follow. Therefore strictly harangue courtship is not to be done. In the past, matches shake been made between two people out front they were even born. barbarian marriage would often take place, and still does although it has been made illegal. The legal age of marriage in India is 18 for girls and 21 for boys. Because of this law being passed, the people in question now have more alternative in their partner.When looking for a suitable partner, usually, the person in questions parents will begin their search by telling their friends who will then circulate the news to other families, telling them details of looks, varna, age, caste, education, financial posture and if it is a more modern arrangement, perso nality and interests.In the past, the man would visit the girls house and she would come in with her eyes downcast for a few seconds and then leave again. In these more modern times, both families will meet and sit down to talk about it.If the two people seem compatible serious negotiations will take place. Both families will get their family priests to study the horoscopes of the two people and if they match, a suitable date for the wedding may be chosen. Then the two families may agree to let them court with restrictions.If a suitable partner cannot be found, the family may decide to turn to placing an advertisement in the newspaper, or turn to an agency. Advertisements in papers for brides or grooms are very common in India.sometimes person will meet somebody they would like to marry at college, work, or a inter channelable environment. Because the majority of the time someone is attracted to another person with the same kind of background, their parents will approve of the mar riage because the person chosen has come from the same caste etc.If a match is decided, a share must be concord. -This is an illegal practice, but is still sometimes done. A dowry is a allowance given to the grooms family by the brides family because the grooms family now has to look after and pay for the bride. Because of the weddings expense, the bride may find it quite nasty to get together enough money to pay what the groom has asked for and the marriage may in that respectfore be called off. Some Hindu families now demand dowry free weddings.Finally, once all has been agreed, the wedding will take place.2) a) Explain why, from a religious perspective,i) it is considered classic for a Hindu to marry a Hindu, inwardly the Hindu religion it is considered very important for a Hindu to marry another Hindu. The principal(prenominal) cause for this is because marriage in Hinduism is not seen as a livenessstyle choice but a duty and religious stage of life, from student, the f irst ashrama, to householder, the second ashrama according to the Varna-ashrama-dharma. When married, a Hindu has the opportunity to achieve triple goals A release from all basic military man desires through marriage and having children. A contribution to society though hard work. The duty of carrying out any(prenominal) demands his particular caste places upon him.The 13th saskara is reached when a Hindu marries. Marriage in Hinduism is quite obviously a religious action. Therefore in not marrying a Hindu, you cannot easily for-fill these tasks given to you.You can preserve the purity of your religion and caste by marrying in the conventional way.By marrying a Hindu, you will have your horoscopes compared, will have the same religious state of mind, and are thusly compatible.If two Hindus marry, the families will get along and at that place will be no feuds.You will keep your parents happy by marrying a fellow Hindu in the correct manner. If you do not, there may be a major di ssentment in which your family may not ever full forgive you. They may even believe that in abandoning the correct tradition of marriage, you are abandoning the Hindu religion.If you marry a Hindu you will gain respect from the Hindu society whereas if you dont there may be a lot of disrespect and gossip about you.Your children will be brought up to believe the Hindu faith and will not be confused of which parent religion he or she should follow. He or she will learn all the correct rituals. The eldest son will light his fathers funeral pyre as Hinduism states.The Hindu marriage, as shown in question one, is full of symbolism and if this ritual is formed flop good karma will follow. In fact large parts of Hinduism itself are all about ritual and tradition. So if you do not marry a Hindu, all this will be lost, bad Karma will follow and you will never be released from samara, the series of births, deaths and re-births and atman will never be rejoined with Brahmin. -This is a Hindus main goal and indeed it is essential to marry a Hindu.ii) being married is important in Hindu society,Being married is important in the Hindu society. This is because marriage in Hinduism is not seen as a lifestyle choice but a duty and religious stage of life, from student, the first ashrama, to householder, the second ashrama according to the Varna-ashrama-dharma. When married, a Hindu has the opportunity to achieve three goals A release from all basic human desires through marriage and having children. A contribution to society though hard work. The duty of carrying out whatever demands his particular caste places upon him.The 13th saskara is reached when a Hindu marries. Marriage in Hinduism is quite obviously a religious action. Therefore in not marrying, it is impossible to for-fill your dharma.By having a Hindu marriage correctly good karma will follow. Large parts of Hinduism itself are all about ritual and tradition. So if you do not marry, all this will be lost, bad Karm a will follow and you will never be released from samara, the series of births, deaths and re-births and atman will never be rejoined with Brahmin. -This is a Hindus main goal and therefore it is essential to marry.iii) it is important to consult with all members of the family when the marriage is being arranged.It is important to consult all members of the family when a marriage is being arranged. The main reason for this is because when a marriage takes place is not just between the bride and groom but both families as well.Also by asking all members of the family you can ensure a good match in marriage.If anything goes wrong there will be shame upon the family and therefore all must be consulted.2) b) Explain the response of Hinduism to the moral problems of courtship.According to Hindu scriptures, basically, you must not search for your own partner, and when you do want a partner it must be the one your family arranges for you to marry. Therefore strictly speaking courtship is not to be done. Romance, tralatitiously was only for the Gods. There are certain exceptions however, as Hinduism has had to change with the times and become more flexible and acceptant of modern practices.For instance, once an arranged marriage has been agreed to and the couple are engaged they can announce it and can therefore openly walk in the street holding hands and go to the cinema or such like unaccompanied without being gossiped about by Hindu society. They may not sleep together or mover in together before marriage though. This is because according to the Varna-ashrama-dharma sex is restricted to the householder stage of life and must not be performed in any of the other three stages of life.3) In Hinduism, marriages are arranged. Do you agree or disagree with the system? Give reasons for your answer. Why would a Hindu agree or disagree with you?Although love marriages are becoming more common within Hinduism, the majority of the time, parents arrange their childrens marri ages for them. Marriage is not seen as an optional lifestyle extra but a religious stage in life and therefore it is said that you should love the one you marry, not marry the one you love.Elders are said to be older and therefore wiser and more experienced whereas their children are said to be immature and do not know enough about the world to make a sound choice when it comes to life partners.On the other hand, if your parents make the wrong match and you and your husband have a complete personality collapse once your married you have to cast the rest of your life trying to grow to love someone that you really dont get on with.A Hindu would argue then that your horoscopes are compatible with your partners and therefore why wouldnt you get along?If you let your family arrange your marriage for you, you will make them happy.If you do not, there may be a major disagreement in which your family may not ever fully forgive you. They may even believe that in abandoning the tradition o f arranged marriages, you are abandoning the Hindu religion.If you have an arranged marriage you will gain respect from the Hindu society whereas if you dont there may be a lot of disrespect and gossip about you.I feel a very important aspect of a relationship is trust. A problem that may arise when marring someone that you do not know all that well is that the two of you will probably not immediately trust each other and the relationship will suffer because of it. Also, sexually, you do not know each other moreover are expected to immediately have a healthy sex life as belie to gently easing into these things. You may feel awkward in being physical with someone you do not have solid trust in.In support of arranged marriages, a person searching for the perfect partner the one may never find this person. -This person may not even exist. If you have an arranged marriage you know you will have a wedding and not happen half of your life looking for a husband/wife.With the wedding its elf, there are many traditional symbolic gestures that must be performed and little room left for individuality.On the other hand a Hindu marriage is full of symbolism and if this ritual is formed correctly good karma will follow. In fact large parts of Hinduism itself are all about ritual and tradition. So if you do not marry in the correct manner, all this will be lost, bad Karma will follow and you will never be released from samara, the series of births, deaths and re-births and atman will never be rejoined with Brahmin. -This is a Hindus main goal and therefore it is essential to have an arranged marriage.You do not really know this person you will spend the rest of your life with. Your husband/wife may have a problem such as gambling, a health condition or an alcohol addiction that you did not previously know about. In love marriages, you have usually been with and lived with your partner for several years before getting married and you therefore will almost certainly know eve ry detail about him/her.After weighing up the points for and against marriage, although I can see from a Hindus point of view why arranged marriages are a good thing, I have one major disagreement. A Hindus main argument for arranged marriages is that it is a religious stage of life and not a lifestyle choice. As I am not Hindu, I do not believe this or other Hindu beliefs to be true. Therefore I personally disagree with arranged marriages. I feel that to marry, you must first be in a loving, longstanding relationship with a strong bond of trust and love. Marriage, to me, is something that shows commitment and love between two people and I find the concept of arranged marriages quite absurd. If to me, marriage is a gesture showing a couples love and therefore surely the couple must be in love before taking vows of their love to one another?

Pure Cultures Lab Essay Example for Free

Pure Cultures Lab EssayIntroduction Pure market-gardenings atomic number 18 made of only one type of organisms and can be apply to study their properties. A system used to isolate pure cultures is making a steak- home office, which is a dilution process in which culture is air over an agar plate in a certain manner. Using a loop rod, culture was taken from the tube and dragged across area 1 several time,of the agar. The agar was then turned 90, and the loop was flamed and cooled. Taking some culture from area 1, it was dragged over area two,and the same steps were through with(p) for areas 3 and 4. Another technique used was spread-plate, where the same culture is spread over the agar plate using a sterile L-shaped bent glass rod.The rod was dipped in 95% ethyl radical alcohol and flamed to sterlize. The nutrient agar was then placed on the plate, and spread with rod. An environmental plate was used to test the cultures of a random object, in our experiment, it was the oc ular lens of a microscope. A cotton dab was dipped into sterile water, and a random item of our choice was swabbed. After mixing the swab O.K. in the water, the contaminated water was applied to a spread plate.Results See attachedDiscussion e truly the plates were successful is isolating the pure cultures except the environmental. The reason for this may have been that there was no bacteria, delinquent to the fact they had been recently cleaned. The slant agars were able to pick up on the bacteria to show the growth. The phial that had bright yellow bacteria growing was M.leuteus, showing the successful isolation and identification. Other vials that had M.Letues and S.marcescenes had a very slight shade of bacteria growth.Questions1. No because a when a broth culture is used, it has not been inoculated from a pure culture, the only way would be to use a streaking method or spread plate. A mix culture slant is hard to isolate, because bacteria is clumped together, getting a sin gle colony is difficult. These may cause contamination to the bacteria during the inoculation period.2. If there was more culture in quadrant 4 than 3, it is due to the loop being dragged seat into quadrant 1. The nutrient agar that was in 1 came back to 4, and showed more culture.

An Inspector Calls & play Essay Example for Free

An Inspector Calls meet EssayWritten by J. B. Priestley in 1945, An Inspector Calls is a play that follows the story of the Birling Family and their dealings with a woman, Eva Smith. The Birlings are a stiff family and are happily celebrating an interest when their evening is rudely interrupted by a police Inspector investigating the death of a working class girl. Throughout the course of the evening, the Inspector deftly uncovers their dirty little secrets and each of their involvements in the girls death. The play is set in an industrial town in the Midlands called Brumley.During 1912 in the Edwardian era, when the play was set, aliveness was hard for the poor and even harder for women. There was real little help available for people and and the very desperate were given aid and even then they were sometimes not given enough. The local anesthetic workhouse was available for the sick, old or handicapped but this was an unpleasant place. Women in 1912 were treated as inf erior and they could not often do what men could they were not allowed to vote, they were unlikely to go to university and get decent railway line and they were expected to give up their jobs once they were married.They did not have the same rights as men. The play starts with a long set of stage directions from which we learn a lot about the Birling family. They are wealthy as they employ a maid. It is also suggests that they are strongly ruled by their social duties and roles because it is utter that Mrs Birling is socially superior to Mr Birling suggesting that society plays a big role in the familys life.This is shape up suggested by the fact that the men wear tails and white ties to a family dinner signifying that the family are very proper and must be formal at all times even in an on the loose(p) setting. Even though it is quite formal, they are quite knowing and cheerful as they have been celebrating a special occasion. The atmosphere is shown by the lighting which sho uld be pink and intimate hinting at a happy care-free family feel. However, when the Inspector comes in, the lighting should be harsher as the entrance of the Inspector destroys the family atmosphere and creates a harsh atmosphere.

Alike or Different Essay Example for Free

Alike or Different EssayWe can smack and change ourselves, by changing our appearance, putting on makeup, wearing polar clothes, jewellery, etc. But its not retri only ifive a case of appearance, but it also involves the person underneath that mask constantlyyone tries to hide behind. Nobody has ever tried to look at the person underneath before judging them. Its just egotism that stands in the way. What will the result be when slew argon stripped of all their accessories, when that mask is take away? What we get is a rollercoaster of emotions. Things that people can never guess ar hidden underneath.And thats unless another similarity, which makes mistaken judgment also put into account. Feelings are also something to look at. For example, people do get happy, angry and sad in different situations, but everyone still gets those emotions at times, regardless of reason. And everyone goes done the same tone cycle, how theyre born, turn to children, then the teenage, mid dle aging comes after, then being old, and finally death. Everyone will face death someday. And everyone is made by God, and made of the same materials, as some take.Everyone chow and breathes, everyone has the five senses, nobody can live without a vital organ, and no one can ache supernatural powers. And these are all similarities. * A lot more people dont believe in that saying, they believe that people differ in a lot of things, and the things that they have in commons with others can be looked at from a different angle, making them into another difference. For example, everyone is a human being, but everyone is a different kind of human being, depending on spirit, looks, and abilities.And the fact that everyone has a dream that is to be carry out can also be a difference, like everyone has a different dream and a different goal for the future. As for the life, everyone does have a life, but it depends on how they live it, and how everyone employs it that makes a differen ce. Besides, some people are born to have the personality to be good leaders, and others have the power and will to mildew hard in what theyre good at, while others dont treasure their abilities, and instead they white plague it for their own good, to get the better out of things, while they cause hurt to everyone else around them.Thats an example of being and not being able to be a useful person, to not use life wisely, and another way why people are different. Some believe that people differ in how they look (both on the outside and the inside), how they react to things around them, their personality, beliefs, ethics and religions. What can also count as a difference is how everyone is raised, what theyre taught to believe, where and when they were born and who they lived with.People often adopt habits from those they live with, which can sometimes be good, and sometimes be bad. That can make a lot of differences compared to someone who was born rich, lived rich, and died rich. other way of looking at things is peoples appearance. Some people really care or so how they look, and always try to look their best at times. Some wouldnt give that subject a second thought. Some do care, but not so much. And thats related to both personality and physical appearance. Language spoken is also a difference.And the fact that some of us can do something that others cant, which comes down to ability. Furthermore sometimes people have disabilities that others dont have. Sometimes in that respect are illnesses and diseases that run in families, and some inherit that disease and some dont, which is another difference. If we try and list these differences they will not have an end, and just signifying would take long too. So its not a case of what is the same and what can be different, its just how people think astir(predicate) things in their own point of view.So regardless of what there is that can be utilise as an argument, and however we think the ones who think th e opposite are wrong, and no matter which angle we use look at things, it all goes back to opinion, and opinions are very important. And my opinion stays the same, but what about yours? And whats more important is to reason why we look at things from that point of view, and if we really are being fair, or if we are just judging others by what we think of them, and how we think of them. And most importantly, are we really being fair, or do we just think we are?

Risks Associated With International Business Transactions Economics Essay

guess of infections Associated With planetary agate line Transactions Economics essayInternational crease has appeared in the history to satisfy the need of merchandises from long distance nations , it was an global dispense . It begins in the 19th century BC where it has appeared in Assyrian merchant colony in Cappadocia . Camels allows Arab to move spices and silk from cold east and disdain it , establishing the silk road which make a connection to craft Chinese and Indian goods with the Rumanian empire goods .Vasco de gamma ( Portuguese explorer ) has established a sea route between europium and India .As external vocation extent to reach all nations , the necessity of regulations or an world(prenominal) backup law has been raised . The main convention for international craftiness was the united nations convention on contracts for international sales accordance of good (CISG) which established by UNCITRAL (United nations commission on international trade law) . International Business Law involves 2 parts , private and public law , the private law related to to international business transaction the likes of international trade , finance trade , licensing and distributing maintainments . the public law related to agreements that help to create a legal framework which international business takes place ( e.g. Treaties , Customs , Tariff.. )International Business TransactionsA business transactions begins when a buyer and a seller agree the terms and conditions to purchase a specific goods with a detailed quantity and price ( contract of sale ). In this contract , from the buyer point of view what is essential is to gain the ownership of the goods , for the seller what is definitive is to have the legal terms that provide receiving money .An International business transactions differ from national business transaction , beca work its ordinarily include long distance which means higher assay in goods transiting , which mean higher insur ance , how money will be transferred and who is responsible of the goods lurch , all that should be included and clearly in international business transaction contract .import Export tradeImports are goods or services that are made or big(a) abroad then purchased or receipt by the importer and distributed domestically . Exports are goods or services that are made or grown inside the nation then sold or rendered by the merchandiseer to be distributed abroadThe need of export import trade generally is be excite on democracy has an advantage everyplace others in specific items , just rough countries have comparative advantages like manufacturing (ex. Germevery , japan .. ) others have comparative advantage in natural resources like oil or gas ( ex. Saudi Arabia , Russia ) .Exporting can be direct or verifying .Direct exporting is when the manufacturer take the responsibility of most of the export processes , usually they use Foreign sales representative or foreign distributer in the exported inelegant .Indirect exporting is when a participation use intermediaries ( export trade comp some(prenominal) , export management company ) to enter the foreign food market , usually happen be apparent motion lack of roof or because the company do not have the needed arrive to enter this foreign country .Trades usually governed by the laws and regulations of the trade countries , they use tariffs and non-tariffs barriers , this reflect the way that companies trade with each country . In 1947 nations accept General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade , this movement occurred to liberalize trade by reducing tariffs and non-tariffs barriers . in 1995 WTO (World Trade Organization ) has been created to manage the rules and assist settling the trade disputes between WTO nations .foreign Direct InvestmentForeign Direct Investment is when a company localise its workforces and resources to purchase or to build an operation in another country . those company called MNC (Mu ltinational Corporation) . Countries usually get FDI because MNCs has many impacts over hordes country economics and political governing body . FDI is a major ending for any company because its full of costs and lucks .MNCs companies has many ways to enter the market of a foreign country considering of many factors like capitalization , legal considerations and market condition, MNCs decide to enter foreign market as Joint Venture , Mergers , Subsidiaries or Acquisitions .When a rigid owned 100% by a stranger , its a wholly owned subsidiary . A joint take a chance is an organization that is created by two or more companies or with the foreign governing body they share take a chance and assets , companies use joint venture to shorten the risk of entering foreign market . ( e.g. Peugeot France has a joint venture with Dongfeng Motor China)A strategic alliance is an agreement between competitors to achieve common goal .(e.g. Airlines Coding share )Licensing , FranchisingLice nsing is an agreement where the Licensor (Firm) grants a Licensee (Foreign Firm) the right to use its intellectual property ( patent , logo, formula , etc.) .Licensing can be totally within one country , but its a way that companies use to distribute its products with minimum risk taken , where there is a constituent of profit paid by the licensee to the licensor .Franchising is a form of licensing which the Franchisor (parent firm) offers equipment , worldly , trademarks , technology to the Franchisee (investor) , in the other hand the franchisee should pay a fee or a percentage of the profit to the franchisor .(e.g. McDonalds)Franchising is a good way to inter the foreign market because the franchisee will provide the capital for investment and the management and franchisee will deal with customer and labor problems , franchising usually associated with many legal requirements , it depends on the country , un US the federal trade commission is regulating the franchising . in o ther hand in china they eliminated most of the restriction on franchising .rISK aSSOCIATED WITH INTERNTIONAL BUSINESS TRANSACTIONSsTRATEGIC rISK strategical risk means the risk of weak or bad strategic decision concerning the competitiveness the firm in the foreign country , its the risk of misanalysing of the porters five forces which are the threat of unused entrants , threat of commute products or services , Bargaining power of customer , Bargaining power of suppliers and the intensity of competitive emulation .Usually MNCs companies is more concerned about this risk , where a well done study of the market is required before entering the foreign country . An example of a company which failed In the strategic risk consideration .Political riskInternational managers should understand the substantial effects of political decision do in country before beginning its business , and understand how political decision making can influence its business . Political movements and instabi lity can make it difficult to the company to shut up well . International manager should be sensible of the ideology of the host country , the economic system ( communism , socialism ,capitalism ) and the political system ( democratic , totalitarianism ) and the structure of the host government , a risk of embargos and sanction of trades which usually used for political pressure rather that economic issues .Understanding the stability of host country political system can avoid many risks , a new and hostile government whitethorn replace the friendly relationships and hence expropriate foreign assets .The firm most understand the regional stability and international affairs of the host country . The firm can do political risk depth psychology to assist in firm decision making .operational riskOperational Risk is the risk concerning operational activities , machineries breakdown , supply of resources, logistics and inventory problems .By establishing a good operational risk analysis and evaluation , companies will be able to reduce operational loss, pre-detecting of illegal activities , reducing auditing costs and reduce exposures to future risks , and that well lead to reduce waste and improve processes , it will develop lead-time and add to power in international business .In export Import international transaction , a delivery risk is an operational risk , where a buyer didnt receive lucid goods , it can happen because of workers make a motion , or delay in the shipment . One form of delivery risk is property risk , and its a loss or damage to the goods before they arrive.The risk of Pilferage can affect all types of trade transaction , specially import export one, this has been a problem for many years , a new way of boxing (cargo) and new technologies entered this sector to minimize the risk of pilferage .country riskWhen the firm resolute to do business broad , it should consider the basic infrastructure needed for the firm operation , that what cou ntry risk means . Roads , Bridges and telecommunication, crime rate and corruption , internal conflicts or civil unrest and the economic condition ( unemployment rate , unskilled labor force etc. ) , terrorism , in the host country all that can make it difficult to enter or do business safely ,effectively , efficiently in that country .Country risk can be the Language and heathenish differences and the risk of exposure to foreign law and courts , a Lack of language differences awareness can cause many problems that will end in courts , an example of that , what happened in1975 , United states district court , between Gaskin (US citizen) and Stumm Handel GMBH (German company ) , an employment contract written in German has been signed by Gaskin ,who has no knowledge about German language .technological riskLack of security in electronic transaction , absence seizure of information technology infrastructure and the cost of rapidly developed technology , all that will give creating problems that will affect doing business in the host country . environmental riskEnvironmental risk may lead to damage the reputation of the Firm if firms function resulted pollution ( Air , water , environment .etc.) and that will cause risk to the firm .And vice versa if the host country has pollution , that may cause health problem to firms employees .economic Financial riskChanging in domestic fiscal or monetary policies , devaluation or inflation rate , GDP , unemployment rate and the ability of the host country to regard financial obligations , all that make an Economic risk that should be careful understood before conducting international business .In this area, Currency exchange rate can have big effect over international trade and investment decisions taken by the firm . Fluctuations in foreign country specie can diminish profits when the firm convert them back to home currency , some countries may create rules that will minimize the flexibility of the firm to send money outside the country , hedgerow strategies could mitigate some of the currency exchange rate.In export-Import international transaction a financial risk can be a payment risk , where the buyer will fail to pay for the ordered goods , it will costs a lot specially if the cost of shipment is so high (Because of sharp or heavy shipments ).SummaryThe International Business environment has changes a lot in the ratiocination decades , with the high competitiveness of international market , International mangers now a days should be aware of economic , political , culture and other differences in the world to be affective in his dapple .The three main international business types , export-imports , FDI , and Licensing and franchising. In each type of them there are risks that should be considered and pre-determined to be able to build and plan a good strategy that will minimize any risk that may face firm international business.