Animal Histology

Where do granulose leukocytes gravel from? Granulopoiesis formation of granular leukocytes (WBCs) This process occurs in bone marrow along font erythropoiesis with to apiece one type (eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil) going through its own pathway. Two processes take shopping center simultaneously (1) nuclei condense to adult form (bi-lobed, multi-lobed, etc) and (2) the stall begins to synthe size and absorb its specific granule population. I. Start with CFU-S WBC 1. Begin with promyelocyte (big committed stem cell which commits right away to become either a neutrophilic myelocyte, basophilic myelocyte, or eosinophile myeocyte) a.Myelocytes have a begun atomic changes, possessing a round heart or one that is flatten on one side. The cytol shows a minimum of specific granules (eosinophilic or basophilic or azurophilic) 2. Metamyelocyte (MM) b. Metamyelocytes have begun nuclear indentation (horseshoe shaped to mature morphology) and an increase in specific granules 3. s hooter Cells ***EXCLUSIVE ONLY TO NEUTROPHILS*** c. Stab Cells or Band Metamyelocytes be alone(p) to the neutrophil lineage. These cells, approximately the size of mature PMNs have a ample horseshoe or ring-like morphology to their nuclei . Adult Cells final nuclear morphology + specific granules occur in bone marrow next to development RBC II. Back in Circulation, last type of WBC Agranular WBC A. Monocyte a. 2-8% WBC b. LANDMARK largest circulating WBC 15-20 micrometer caliper dm (3-4X RBC) c. karyon irregular shaped or horseshoe shape BUT remote STAB CELLS monocytes argon seen in circulation while stab cells are base only in bone marrow d. Precursor to LCT macrophages B. Lymphocyte e. second most common WBC (after neutrophils) 30% WBC f. Dm 8-10 micron (about a RBC) g.Nucleus fills cell, leaving a royal blue rim of cytoplasm h. Fxn produce antibodies, secretory cell, has lost of rER, lots of ribosomes, therefore basophilic speckle Components of the Circulatory clay The circulatory system includes both the melody vascular system and the lymph vascular system. The blood vascular system includes the heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. A. Intro to the arranging a. Pump = heart in reality 2 pumps sitting side by side (1) the pulmonary circuit and (2) the systematic circuit i. ight half(prenominal) of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit via the pulmonary arteria to the lungs and prat to the heart via the pulmonary vein ii. left half of heart therefore pumps the oxygenated blood into the systematic circuit via the Aorta. In the systemic capillaries oxygen and nutrients diverge the blood and waste materials (i. e. CO2) picked up and returned to the heart b. Arteries iii. Decrease in size to arterioles iv. Strong-walled tubes and are distribution system decide who gets how much c. Arterioles terminate in capillaries v. punkillaries are organized in beds vi. Site of transfer between blood and tissue d. Return to heart via venules, then small veins, then veins, and lastly the heart vii. Pulmonary vein enters left heart, vena cava comes to right I. Arteries In general, common chord types of arteries are prove in the body (1) Elastic Arteries, (2) fibrous Arteries, and (3) Arterioles. All three types are composed of three coats or tunics (1) tunica intima (inner most), (2) tunica media (middle), and (3) adventitia (outer most). A. Muscular Arteries a. Most common type of artery . Distributing system where to send blood and controls Blood Pressure (use muscular forge to control lumen size) c. Composition i. tunica intima composed of an inner endothelial lining sitting on an flexible lamina ii. tunica media the thickest layer, is composed of turn smooth muscle cells held together by elastic fibers and an encircling elastic lamina iii. tunica adventitia composed of fibroelastic connective tissue, with much of its elastic cistron contributing to the prepare up of the elastic lamina sur rounding the media. 1.This layer put up be as thick as to 2/3 of that of the media 2. Collagen accession biggest ccn of elastin in muscular arteries, gives recoil ability B. Elastic Artery d. gag vessels of the heart (pulmonary artery and aorta) e. Gives diastolic number of BP f. Composition iv. Intima much thicker (20%) collectable to increased elastin v. Media MAJOR DIFFERENCE increased amount of elastic fibers coherent in concentric laminae plus some smooth muscle vi. adventitia similar to the muscular artery, except being much thinner, less elastin and much collagen to restrict overexpansion C.Arteriole g. Pressure reducers, bustt want blood to come surging into capillaries h. Composition contain the same three tunicas, but each is greatly reduced. The intima consist of an endothelium on a basement lamina the media contains only three layers of smooth muscle cells and the adventitia thin II. upper-case letterillaries in the Body Capillaries are the thinnest walled of all the blood vessels and represent the site of gas and nutrient exchange in the systemic circulatory system. A capillary is composed of endothelial cells, surrounded by a basement membrane A. Continuous Cap (Rare) . Part of any time of blood barrier b. At places you dont want leaks ex brain c. Sealed with zonula occludens (tight jxns) B. Fenestrated Cap (Most common) d. Riddled with pores to allow exchange e. Produces transudate- maintains osmotic homeostasis (composed of water and ions) f. Exudate what you make when not normal (water, ions, proteins, cells) Note Exudate = water + ions + proteins + cells = infections III. Venus System (Return to the heart System) A. Venules a. Capillaries plus extra layers of pericytes b. Collecting venule wrapped in CT (T. dventia) c. Pericytes turn to smooth muscle (T. media) B. Veins d. T. intimia no elastin lamina thus NO RIBBON CANDY e. T media thin layer of muscle f. T adventia thickest layer g. Veins carry bad oxygen poor blood, the media and a dventitia cells are supplied with a separate vascular system. These vessels are called the vaso vasorum and are also found in the walls of large arteries (in T. adventia/T media) h. Veins have valves to prevent blood from backflowing i. Leaflet valves- infolding of the tunica intima ii. Abnormal varicose veins