Cold war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cold war - Essay Example In the end, both countries would end up losing if the war turned hot. This is likely why things never progressed further than they did. The Cold War officially ended in 1991. Just as there are a variety of reasons as to why the Cold War began, there are a few reasons as to why it ended. For one thing, the Soviet Union had collapsed by this time, which meant that the strength of Russia and its influence over other countries, such as Germany, was basically eliminated. In addition to their lack of influence, the Soviet Union did not have the resources to continue stockpiling weapons. Therefore, the Soviet Union had to call a â€Å"truce† with the United States, which they did during meetings between Mikhail Gorbachev, President Ronald Reagan, and, later on, President George H.W. Bush. The U.S. and the Soviet Union agreed to reduce their nuclear weapons that were set aside for war with each other. From there, the Soviet Union broke apart further, and the United States

Project Management and Virtual Teams Essay Example for Free

Project Management and Virtual Teams Essay Athabasca University Abstract Due to advanced communication technologies, globalization and outsourcing most of the project management teams are based on groups of individuals called virtual teams who work across time and space using communication technologies. Members of virtual teams may be employees of same company from same country, or they can be contractors, suppliers and company employees around the globe. Managing projects using virtual teams have some advantages and disadvantages. Also several studies have been done to try to determine the factors that are positively co-related to the effectiveness of virtual teams (Schwalbe, 2011). To manage virtual teams successfully in project management, the project manager must manage these factors successfully and also minimize the impact of disadvantages. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the virtual teams in project management and outlines the factors that are positively correlated to the success of projects based on virtual teams. The paper also outlines some of the recommendations to successfully manage the virtual team in information technology projects. Keywords Globalization, outsourcing, virtual teams, video conferencing, telecommuting, Project Management, Trust and relationship, Advantages of Virtual teams, Disadvantages of virtual team. Introduction Imagine that you are a project manager in a multinational organization and managing a project to upgrade the server operating system and your team members are from different countries with different cultures and working in different time zones. To complete the project successfully that is based on virtual teams, project manager must understand the advantages and disadvantages of managing virtual teams and factors that positively affect the team members. Today most of the project management teams are based on virtual teams whose members work across time and space using communication technologies and project managers cannot rely on previous methods of project team management where they were able to build trust between team member by social interaction, face-to-face meetings, and direct observations of fellow team member commitment. Literature Review Virtual teams do have some advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages outlined by Kathy Schwalbe are: 24/7 availability of workers increasing competiveness and responsiveness, lowering the cost of project as many virtual team members do not need office space and support, providing more flexibility and expertise as project managers have access to the talent around the globe and increasing the work/life balance for team members by eliminating fixed office hours and the need to travel to work. (Schwalbe, 2011). Communication and trust are the most important factors that influence the virtual team performance. Saonee Sarker and others discussed the â€Å"theoretical linkages among trust, communication, and team member performance in virtual teams†. (Sarker1, Ajuja, Sarker, Kirkeby, 2001). To prove their argument the researchers identified and tested three proposed models (additive, interaction, and mediation) describing the role of trust in its relationship. The results of the study indicated that the â€Å"mediating† model best explains how communication and trust work together to influence the performance of virtual team members. In simple words them study proves that â€Å"a communicative individual will be more likely to be trusted and will therefore be more likely to be a high performer†. (Sarker1, Ajuja, Sarker, Kirkeby, 2001) Radostina K. Purvanova reviewed experimental literature and emerging field research on virtual teams. Author compared the â€Å"results from both type of literature and found that experimental literature has largely reported negative results for virtual teams, whereas ? eld investigations and case studies of real virtual teams employed by business organizations report positive outcomes for virtual teams. According to the article although results reported by experimental versus field studies are quite different, author concludes that both literatures have revealed negative attitudes toward virtual communication media. Advantages of Virtual Teams The main advantages of virtual teams include: The biggest advantage of virtual team enjoyed by an organization is the associated cost savings. The organization can save huge expenses on real estate, office spaces, utility bills such as gas, electricity, water etc. and executive’s travel. Team members can work from anywhere and anytime of the day. They can choose the place they work based on the mood and the comfort. You can recruit people for their skills and suitability to the job. The location does not matter. There is no time and money wasted for commuting and clothing. Physical handicaps are not an issue. Another advantage is the labour laws, some organizations prefer to have virtual teams because of strict local labour laws. Since the members span the time zones, there could be different team working on the same project 24/7, so when one member sleeps there will be another one somewhere else who would start work where the former had left. This shortens the product development time as well as faster response time to demands in both global and local markets. Disadvantages of Virtual Teams Disadvantages of virtual teams include: Since team members do not frequently meet or do not meet at all, the teamwork spirit may not be present. Some people prefer to be in a physical office when working. These people will be less productive in virtual environments. To work for virtual teams, individuals need to have a lot of self-discipline. If the individual is not disciplined, he or she may be less productive. The cultural difference between the members of virtual teams gives rise to number of conflicts. For example, while an employee from one part of the world would write a straightforward email describing a bad situation; this would be perceived as impolite by a member of the team from other part of the world. This would lead to conflicts, mistrust and difficulties in fruitful collaboration which is so vital for the success of virtual team functioning. These challenges are also precipitated by the absence of non-verbal cues so intrinsic to face-to-face interactions. Many members of virtual teams are adversely affected by the lack of physical interactions. Most of the communications in virtual environment is task-oriented. In today’s society where job is an important social force for most of us because many of our workplace colleagues also constitute our close friends, this gives a not-so-good feeling of social isolation. This in turn counter-effects productivity as well as leads to stress. In the virtual environment, it is better to communicate, clarify, and confirm everything to make sure that all members have the same understanding about the task at hand. This produces of ton of paperwork and files that could quickly fill your archives. Factors that positively affect virtual teams Succession planning and promotions involving virtual team members are important factors and if managed properly, virtual team members will feel that they are receiving recognition and credit and as a result they will be satisfied and their productivity will be increased. (Leonard, 2011) Since team members are not communicating face to face, constructive team and individual feedback early and often becomes more important and if managed properly can avoid many problems before hand. Trust between team members and project leader is an important factor that can affect the performance of team members. One important way to build trust between team members is effective communication. The more they communicate with each other and with project more they build the trust. Well defined and documented team process also important which saves a lot of time for especially new team members to find answers to their questions related to policies and procedures. A team member selection and role preference is also important factor to successfully manage the virtual teams. â€Å"Dr. Meredith Belbin defined a team role as a tendency to behave, contribute and interrelate with others in a particular way. 15 It is important to select team members carefully and to form a team where all roles are covered. Each virtual team member must also understand his or her role(s) on the team. † (Schwalbe, 2011) Discussion and Conclusions Organizations such as IBM, Microsoft, Whirlpool as well as SMEs are reaping the benefits of virtual teams for some time now. It has been a well-recognized fact that virtual team is not a passing tide but it is here to stay. Virtual teams are rising in numbers nowadays and even small technology companies are now adapting virtual team practice for recruiting the best people from all over the globe and reduce the cost. As outlined in previous sections, virtual teams do have advantaged and some disadvantages as well. To benefit from advantages and to minimize the impact of disadvantages a project manager can focus on factors that positively affect the virtual team’s performance. As indicated by previous researchers, increase in trust, comfort level and communication effectiveness leads to better project success. All of the above discussed disadvantages can be overcome by following a different leadership approach, trainings, greater role clarity and effective communication strategies. Also earlier discussed factors that affect virtual teams, if managed properly can result in a successful project. In addition, the companies using virtual teams can minimize their operating costs and maximize the profit margins. Additionally, the employees working in virtual teams are at advantages when it comes to working in their own home, own time, and reduction of commuting costs. Therefore, organizations should look into setting up virtual teams for different tasks whenever possible. To reap the benefits of virtual teams in projects and minimize the impact of disadvantages virtual team managers should manage the outlined factors properly and should also follow best practices outlined in next section. Best Practices When running virtual teams, some of the best practices include: An instant messaging program can be used to create a sense of presence amongst members of the team. Chat is a good way to have side conversations during meetings to gain consensus, confirm understanding or ask questions. Quick questions can be asked through instant messenger as a substitute for popping into someone’s cubicle. Services for syncing files, bug tracking, project management, source control, web conferencing, conference calls, screen recording, usability testing and so on. A virtual phone system allows mapping of phone extensions to any phone number. Advance features allow callers to dial by name, get placed into a phone queue or get recorded answers back from a phone tree. In-person meetings are also a good option; it helps build team cohesion and trust and can help people get to know each other on a deeper level. But they are by no means critical. Bringing everyone together once a year may cost a little, but it’s still often cheaper than paying local salaries and rent, and increases the efficiency of team.

Defining Culture :: Essays Papers

Defining Culture Anthropologists define the term culture in a variety of ways, but there are certain shared features of the definition that virtually all anthropologists agree on. Culture is a shared, socially transmitted knowledge and behavior. The key features of this definition of culture are as follows. 1) Culture is shared among the members of that particular society or group. Thus, people share a common cultural identity, meaning that they recognize themselves and their culture's traditions as distinct from other people and other traditions. 2) Culture is socially transmitted from others while growing up in a certain environment, group, or society. The transmission of cultural knowledge to the next generation by means of social learning is referred to as enculturation or socialization. 3) Culture profoundly affects the knowledge, actions, and feelings of the people in that particular society or group. This concept is often referred to as cultural knowledge that leads to behavior that is meaning ful to others and adaptive to the natural and social environment of that particular culture. Some anthropologists prefer to conceptualize culture as a mental phenomenon where individuals learn culture and carry it in their heads ("cultural baggage"). From this view actual behavior is not part of culture, but is a product of culture. This view of culture is called the ideational conception of culture. A broader view of culture includes the behavior of individuals, in addition to the ideas, values, and other mental phenomenon. This view of culture encompasses the way of life of a particular group of people. One should keep in mind that people within a culture share ideas, values, opinions, etc., but they are not universal among all the people in that culture. The word culture is often used to emphasize the most unique aspects of a people's customs and beliefs. Thus, to refer to the culture of a people or group is to call attention to all the things that make that group different or distinctive from others. When anthropologists compare different cultures they do not mean that one culture is better or worse than another culture.

Raku Ware And Staffordshire Pottery :: essays research papers

Raku Ware was originally from Japan in the town of Kyoto and was named after the Raku family during the 16th Century. At this time, the Emperor Hideyoshi had conquered Korea and the native potters immigrated to Japan bringing with them pottery techniques and knowledge.The pots were produced for the Zan Buddhist tea ceremony and the decorating and firing of the pots were part of the tea ceremony. Bernard Leach introduced Raku into the west after living in Japan and China setting up pottery in St. Ives, England in 1920. It is still popular today, and made almost worldwide. Raku Ware is still produced today by the 14th generation, of the same Japanese family.Staffordshire was a large and important part of Britain for earthenware production. The first known examples of Staffordshire slipware date back to early Seventeenth Century. Even though lead-glazed earthenware seemed to be established before this time, the market generally went beyond Staffordshire. Butter pots made in Staffordshire were well known for their quality by dairy farmers in England and surrounding areas. Slipwares are named for their decoration with liquid clays, usually poured or trailed onto the pot. Although this was a highly developed technique in Staffordshire it was used in other surrounding areas such as London and Wrotham.Staffordshire slipware usually has three categories flatware which are plates, dishes and bowls, jugs and lidded pots are classified as hollow ware, and miscellaneous ware includes money boxes, cradles and candle sticks.Just as tea was important in the development of Raku Ware in Japan, so the Elers brothers who studied salt glazes in Europe and moved to Staffordshire in the 1690s, produced small tea pots, tea canisters, teacups and jugs. They used finely prepared red clay which was thrown on the wheel, and then lathed when leather hard. (Common salt is thrown into the kiln during firing 1200oc to produce a salt glaze)In Raku any clay that copes with the firing technique must be able to withstand heat shock without warping, distorting or cracking. The clay needs to have particles in it to allow water to escape quickly so calcinated China clay or clay with temper (grog, flint or shell) added to it, is successful. This clay occurred naturally in Japan. Many contemporary potters have favourite clay recipes for their clay bodies when making Raku Ware.Staffordshire slipware clays usually have trouble withstanding higher temperatures without distorting and warping while stoneware can.

Philippine Spanish Era Essay

Chapter 8 1. Explain how the British occupation of the country opened the eyes of the people in certain regions to the idea of freedom and expulsion of the Spaniards? During this period, the Filipinos discovered how weak Spain was when it comes to armory when the British defeated them. Eventually, Archbishop Manuel Rojo surrendered Manila and Cavite thus exposing them furthermore as to how vulnerable they were. 2. Why did the economic plans of Governor-General Basco fail? His plans failed because of his establishment of government monopolies. These monopolies benefited only the government and not the people. There was much corruption because the government was the only one who can transact business and having the exclusive right to purchase, classify and sell all the products locally or even abroad made the people poorer. 3. Why were the Spanish authorities in the Philippines opposed to the education of the Filipinos? The Spanish authorities opposed the education of the Filipinos because as they feared it, Filipinos will come to learn about their rights of equality. 4. Explain how the middle class arose. Who composed the middle class? In 1834 the King of Spain opened Manila to foreign traders, thus starting the development of manufacturing and agriculture in the country. Many crops and other products from different regions were produced. Many ports were also opened including the introduction of the first modern machinery – called the sugar refinery. This started to improve the lives of the inquilinos or tenants in the haciendas as their families started to acquire wealth. They became the middle class, a group below the aristocratic Spanish officials and religious orders but higher or above the poor and uneducated Indios. 5. Explain how the opening of the Suez Canal affected the educated Filipinos. With the opening of the Suez Canal, travel from Manila to Spain was shortened. Because of this, there was an influx of progressive books and periodicals that circulated in the country, thus bringing in modern technology. Also, many Spaniards with progressive ideas migrated to the country influencing the educated Filipinos with their subversive ideas and activities who now clamored for changes in the administration of the colony. 6. What was the effect of the migration of liberal Spaniards on the educated Filipinos and mestizos? With the migration of the liberal Spaniards, the educated Filipinos were exposed to their subversive ideas and activities. And later on they were encouraged to go to Europe to continue their studies and prove that they were the equal of the Spaniards. 7. How did the Spanish Revolution of 1868 affect the events in the Philippines? The Spanish Revolution of 1868 affected the events in the Philippines by putting into practice the liberal principles of the revolutionists of Spain. 8. What were the reforms of Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre that endeared him to the educated Filipinos? The reforms of Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre that endeared him to the educated Filipinos were the abolishment of censorship of the press, removal of flogging as punishment and solving the problem of agrarian unrest in Cavite. 9. Why was liberalism in the Philippines short-lived? Why was a reactionary governor-general sent to the Philippines? Liberalism was short-lived in the Philippines when the Republic of Spain ended and the monarchy was restored. Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo was sent in order to bring back autocratic rule, thus censorship of the press and restrictions on freedom of speech were restored. All those who favored Governor-General de la Torre were considered suspects that were spied upon. 10. Explain what is meant by secularization. How did this lead to Filipinization? Secularization was a campaign meant for Filipinos, Spanish mestizos or Chinese mestizos the right to administer the parishes. The secular priests felt that the position as parish head was denied to them because they were not Spaniards. This was eventually called Filipinization because of its racial overtone. 11. Why do you think the Spanish authorities called the Cavite mutiny a rebellion? The government believed it was a rebellion because some Spanish soldiers and officers were killed by the mutineers who were mosty Indios, mestizos , and criollos. 12. Explain the importance or significance of the execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora? The execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora made the people feel the need to unite being Filipinos and not as Ilocanos, Visayan or some other race. Chapter 9 1. Explain the nature of the reform movement. What did it stand for? The Reform Movement was created to introduce changes in the Philippines. There was discontentment not only among the poor but also among the educated and well-to-do Filipinos. The Reform Movement was the start for wealthy and educated Filipinos to air their complaints through peaceful means such as writings, speeches, organized societies and artworks. 2. Name the foremost reformists who went to Spain. Describe each of them. The important reformists who went to Spain were: Dr. Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena and Marcelo H. Del Pilar. Dr Jose Rizal observed early in life how the Spanish authorities maltreated the Filipinos which made him swore to work the freedom of the country. He went to Spain for further studies in Medicine and learned several languages. His important novels – Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo talked on the abuses and defects of the Spanish government which led to his death. Graciano Lopez studied in a seminary to become a priest and later on shifted to Medicine. Like Dr. Jose Rizal he observed the cruelty and immorality of the friars and government officials. He was a good writer and founded La Solidaridad, a newspaper intended to be the propaganda arm of the Filipino reformists. Marcelo H. Del Pilar, was the greatest journalist produced by the purely Filipino race. He finished Law Studies and starte d campaigning against the abuses of the friars and the civil officials. He founded Diariong Tagalog, a Tagalog-Spanish newspaper that talked on how to improve the administration of the government. Marcelo H. Del Pilar, like Dr. Jose Rizal wrote many books but unlike them, he wrote in the vernacular so he could reach the masses which were truly enjoyed and understood. 3. What did the reformist want? The reformist had several demands. First was to be represented in the Spanish Court, the right to vote, freedom of speech and freedom of assembly of the press, freedom of commerce, the removal of the friars from the Philippines because they were obstacle to progress, education of the people, reforms in the jails of the country and abolition of the diezmos prediales or the tithe consisting of one tenth of the produce of the land. 4. What is meant by assimilation? In what way or ways would it benefit the Filipinos? Explain your answer. Assimilation was one of the ideas included in the Reform Movement which aimed to make the Philippines a province of Spain thereby granting Spanish citizenship to Filipinos. If this idea was only accepted by the Spanish government, the Filipinos will enjoy the rights and benefits of being a Spanish citizen, ending cruelty and maltreatment of the Filipinos. 5. What were the aims of La Solidaridad? Why was it founded? The La Solidaridad was founded to become the propaganda arm of the reformists. It was aimed to fight reaction, to stop all efforts to keep the Philippines a backward country, to extol liberal ideas, and to defend progress. 6. In what way was Marcelo H. Del Pilar different from Rizal? As propagandist of the Filipino cause, who between the two was more effective? Explain your answer. Marcelo H. Del Pilar was different from Rizal in the sense that he wrote most of his books and articles in Tagalog so the Filipinos can truly understand its contents . For me Marcelo H. Del Pilar was more effective as a propagandist because his writings in Tagalog reached everyone from the poorest to the educated Filipinos. But because of lack of funds and his death, he was not able to continue this. Dr Jose Rizal, on the other hand wrote in Spanish which can only be read by the Spanish officials and friars and the educated Filipinos. It was only through his death that the masses came to understand his undertakings. 7. What role did the Pro-Filipino societies play? Why did they fail? The Pro-Filipino Societies were created as the starting ground for the reformists so they could find help from Spaniards with liberal ideas. The society was organized to propagate reforms in the Philippines in the form of a newspaper but then it was short-lived due to lack of funds and lack of leadership. 8. Explain how Masonry helped in the campaign for reforms. Name at least 2 Masonic Lodges in the Philippines during the Spanish period which helped propagate the cause of the Filipinos. How significant was Masonry for the Filipino women? Masonry is for the liberal-minded that’s why many Filipino reformists joined this. The aim of Masonry was the same with that of the reformists that’s why the two groups were actually hitting one bird with two stones. The Nilad and the WALANA were just two of Masonic Lodges established in Manila. The WALANA Masonic Lodge was composed of women. Through this the women were able to contribute their time to help propagate reforms. 9. Why did Rizal found the La Liga Filipina? What were its aims? Why was it not successful? In your opinion, was the La Liga a reformist or a revolutionary organization? Explain your answer. Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina as a civic society. Its aims were to unite the whole archipelago into one strong body; to give mutual protection of all members in case of necessity; to encourage agriculture, commerce, and education; to defend members against any kind of violence and injustice; and to study and apply reforms. It was not successful because the Spanish authorities felt it was dangerous which led to the arrest of Dr. Jose Rizal, instantly killing the Liga. For me the Liga was a reformist organization because its intentions were only to help improve the lives of Filipinos which was only a temporary solution. 10. Explain why the reform movement failed? The reform movement failed because: 1) The High Spanish officials in Spain were too busy attending to their own internal problems to bother the problems of a colony. 2) The reformists in the Philippines and in Spain did not have the necessary funds to make their campaign effective. 3) The reformists were not united because of jealousy among themselves. 4) He friars in the Philippines had influential friends and supporters in Spain who opposed the introduction of reforms. Chapter 10: 1. Explain why Marcelo H. Del Pilar shifted to the idea of revolution. What made him think in terms of revolution? Marcelo H. Del Pilar shifted to the idea of revolution because the reform movement which aims to secure the remedies for their problems in peaceful means was not effective.The Spanish government ignored the plight of the people that’s why Del Pilar decided that revolution is the only way to achieve their goal. 2. What was the immediate cause of the founding of the Katipunan? What caused Bonifacio to change tactics and strategy? Was he right to make such a change? The immediate cause of the founding of the Katipunan was to recruit Filipinos to become members through the method called the triangle system which aimed to minimize the danger of discovery by the Spanish authorities. But Bonifacio realized that the method was very slow in recruiting its members so he decided to adopt the system used by Masonry in enlisting its members which was a good idea because it was faster than the triangle method. 3. Explain briefly the â€Å"triangle method.† How successful was it in recruiting members for the Katipunan? The triangle method of enlisting members of the Katipunan started with a member recruiting 2 new members who did not know each other and the 2 new members will do the same.It was not that successful because they were able to enlist few members. This method was very slow in its process that’s why they just decided to get as many new members as they could. 4. What were the aims of the Katipunan? In what ways was the Katipunan different from La Liga Filipina? The aims of the Katipunan were based on civic, political and moral objectives.Civic objective was based on the principle of self-help and the defense of the weak and the poor. Political objective was the separation of the Philippines from Spain and lastly moral objective focused on the teaching of good manners, hygiene, and good moral character. The La Liga worked for radical reforms using peaceful means while the Katipunan on the hand aimed to regain the Philippines and be freed from slavery through revolutionary means. 5. In what way did the Katipunan government resemble or differ from the Spanish colonial government? The Katipunan stood as a real government like that of Spain because it was governed by a Supreme Council as it was a King for Spain. They also had the Sangguniang Hukuman which was the Spanish Cortes.But the Katipunan was more nationalistic in nature because they had teachings called the Decalogue that must be the guide of the members. And most of all every activity of the Katipunan government was done in secrecy so as not to de discovered by the Spanish authorities. 6. When Bonifacio worked for the replacement of Deodato Arellano and Roman Basa as supremo of the Katipunan, what trait or character did he show? Was Bonifacio right in replacing Arellano and Basa? Give your reasons. Bonifacio was a very perfectionist man. He saw that Arellano and Basa were not good in doing their jobs that’s why he decided on his own to work for their replacement. He proved himself to be a better leader but the means of replacing Basa and Arellano was based on his influence. But on the other hand, the lack of leadership of Arellano and Basa wasted the time of the Katupunan. 7. Name the grades of membership of the katipunan and their respective passwords. What do you notice about the passwords, particularly the use of Rizal for the highest member? The first grade was the catipon with their password – Anak ng Bayan, the second was kawal with their password GOM-BUR-ZA and lastly, Bayani with password RIZAL. The highest member being the leader and founder of the Katipunan used Rizal as password being their ultimate source of inspiration in their fight for freedom. 8. Explain why Bonifacio invented the Katipunan secret codes. How would you characterize Bonifacio for inventing such codes? Bonifacio invented the codes to avoid being discovered by the Spaniards.He had shown his ingenuity knowing this would protect the Katipunan by making it difficult for the Spaniards to read letters or any written communication. 9. Why were the Katipunan members called the sons of the people? Explain this very carefully. They were called the sons of the people because their ultimate goal was to free the Philippines from Spain and to protect the rights of the people. In The Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan which was written by Bonifacio, stated that love of God is also love of country and this too is love of one’s fellowmen. By this statement alone the Katipuneros proved themselves to be guardian of the Filipino people that,s why they were the sons of the people. 10. Why was a Katipunan branch for women founded? Who were its members? Andres Bonifacio wanted to involve the women in the Katipunan that’s why a branch for women was founded. The members were limited only to the Katipuneros’ spouses, sisters, daughters and other selected women. 11. In what way did the Kalayaan help propagate the revolutionary ideas of Bonifacio and Jacinto? The Kalayaan contained articles written by Bonifacio, Jacinto and Valenzuela. The newspaper reached the farthest provinces influencing many Filipinos to become members of th Katipunan. 12. Identify and comment on the following code names: Madlang-Away; Agapito Babumbayan; and Pingkian. Madlang-Away was the code name of Pio Valenzuela stood for the fight of the masses for freedom. Agapito Bagumbayan, the pen name of Bonifacio, stood the death of Rizal in Luneta or Bgumbayan.

Fashion Blogs for College Students

Fashion Blogs for College Students College is a special time for young women (and men) when they’ve flown the coop and are on their own for the first time. Being in a different city surrounded by people from all over the country, it’s one of the most influential times for fashion changes in your life. Of course you want to make an impression on your peers and make a statement about who you are as you enter this new world. These blogs can give you the inspiration you’re seeking to explore new trends and find your fashion niche. And, of course, how to do all of that on a student’s budget†¦ College Fashion For the fashion conscious college student who wants to keep up with the latest trends in campus style, this blog will show you how to pull off a pair of pom pom shorts for both day and evening wear, how to make a plaid skirt cool and feed your fashion inspiration with pop culture images from Game of Thrones to Jean-Michel Basquiat. collegefashion.net A Beautiful Mess This is the perfect blog for the craftsy, DIY college student. For those who want to make their dorm room not only the place they sleep, but their home away from home, you’ll find lots of tips on budget home dà ©cor such as a home-made tassle rug or wall hanging using only a ball of yarn. In their fashion section a host of DIY fashion tips to set you apart from your classmates. You’ll be the envy of campus with your home-made feather block dress. Missing your pet dog or cat from home? Learn how to make a pair of personalized pajamas with their image on them. abeautifulmess.com Kendi Everyday Want to know how to wear this season’s hottest colors? How about what to wear on your first date with a new beau? And how to double up on denim with a blouse and jeans. Fashionista Kendi brings you her own personal shopping and fashion tips for you to devour at will. Feast on it! kendieveryday.com Love, Lenore Another personal blog for the young and fashionable, this blog shows you how to get the best styles from shops like Anthropologie, Forever 21, HM and Nordstroms. She offers tips for every kind of fashion situation including weddings, travel and holiday. Her curated wish list will have you saving up for your next shopping experience. lovelenore.com Millennielle This blog by fashion expert Coco caters to the tastes of college students and millenials. What to wear to music festivals, how to get the best looks on a student’s budget and the brands with the most enduring fashion status. You can address her with your fashion emergencies and read her tips on how to make the most of modern life. millennielle.com The Houndstooth Straight out of DC, this blog is dedicated to showing off the Capital’s street fashion. One of the few fashion sites for both boys and girls, you’ll get your inspiration from real people who turn heads on the streets of Washington. thehoundstoothblog.com Necessary Proper This is almost the fashion blog equivalent of the show Mad Men, with photos and articles that promote the high life of successful men and women. You’ll learn how to rub elbows with high society at polo matches and how to mix the perfect cocktail, all while looking your absolute best next to your beau in khakis (or a tartan) and you in your grandmother’s pearls. necessary-and-proper.com I Spy DIY If you live to create your own look with DIY projects, this is the blog for you. Lots of inspiration on how to personalize your denim jacket to how to make the perfect spring dress, to how to make versatile earrings for any outfit. Get inspiration for looks you can’t buy in a store. ispydiy.com The Budget Babe As promised by the blog title, this site will show you how to find the look you want without having to drop the cash you don’t have. You’ll learn how to find discount versions of big label trends, where to shop and how to throw together a complete look for less. thebudgetbabe.com Whether your style inspiration comes from the Hamptons or the streets of DC, whether you like brand names or prefer to DIY, this list of blogs has it all for today’s college student. Happy shopping!

Dental Anesthesia essays

Dental Anesthesia essays The Discovery and Controversy over the First Use of Surgical Anesthesi Dennis Brindell Fradin wrote in We Have Conquered Pain: The Discovery of Anesthesia, We take it for granted that we can sleep through operations without feeling any pain. But until about 150 years ago, the operating room was a virtual torture chamber because surgeons had no way to prevent the pain caused by their healing knives. Fradin is right. Since several analyses of archaic human bones have proven that people have suffered from disease and pain since the beginning of their existence, one can only assume the tremendous pain humans had to endure before the discovery of anesthesia. The four brilliant men who ended mankinds suffering also had to endure immense anguish after the discovery; their involvement erupted into a maelstrom of controversy, which contributed to early deaths and insanity, even though the discovery of surgical anesthesia has had such a positive effect on humanity.1 Prior to the discovery, surgeons would tie, strap, or hold down their patients to keep them from running off during surgery. Many times, the surgeon would give alcohol or narcotics to patients in order for the patient to better face the indescribable pain. However, those that actually survived the surgery (chances are, they didnt) swore they would have preferred death instead of the excruciating pain they had to endure.2 Even Dr. John Collins Warren, a senior surgeon before the discovery of anesthesia at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, agreed that patients would rather die than have surgery. After Dr. Warren finished an amputation in 1844, before the discovery of anesthetics, he told himself, The knife that heals must first give pain.3 To have fully conscious, screaming patients during an operation even made surgeons not want to perform surgery. However, the discovery of surgical anesthesia changed the way most, i...